openSUSE Leap 42.3

Virtualization Guide

Describes virtualization technology in general, and introduces libvirt—the unified interface to virtualization—and detailed information on specific hypervisors.

Publication Date: November 05, 2018
About This Manual
Available Documentation
Feedback
Documentation Conventions
I Introduction
1 Virtualization Technology
1.1 Overview
1.2 Virtualization Capabilities
1.3 Virtualization Benefits
1.4 Virtualization Modes
1.5 I/O Virtualization
2 Introduction to Xen Virtualization
2.1 Basic Components
2.2 Xen Virtualization Architecture
3 Introduction to KVM Virtualization
3.1 Basic Components
3.2 KVM Virtualization Architecture
4 Introduction to Linux Containers
5 Virtualization Tools
5.1 Virtualization Console Tools
5.2 Virtualization GUI Tools
6 Installation of Virtualization Components
6.1 Installing KVM
6.2 Installing Xen
6.3 Installing Containers
6.4 Patterns
II Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt
7 Starting and Stopping libvirtd
8 Guest Installation
8.1 GUI-Based Guest Installation
8.2 Installing from the Command Line with virt-install
8.3 Advanced Guest Installation Scenarios
9 Basic VM Guest Management
9.1 Listing VM Guests
9.2 Accessing the VM Guest via Console
9.3 Changing a VM Guest's State: Start, Stop, Pause
9.4 Saving and Restoring the State of a VM Guest
9.5 Creating and Managing Snapshots
9.6 Deleting a VM Guest
9.7 Migrating VM Guests
9.8 Monitoring
10 Connecting and Authorizing
10.1 Authentication
10.2 Connecting to a VM Host Server
10.3 Configuring Remote Connections
11 Managing Storage
11.1 Managing Storage with Virtual Machine Manager
11.2 Managing Storage with virsh
11.3 Locking Disk Files and Block Devices with virtlockd
11.4 Online Resizing of Guest Block Devices
11.5 Sharing Directories between Host and Guests (File System Pass-Through)
12 Managing Networks
12.1 Virtual Networks
12.2 Bridged Networking
13 Configuring Virtual Machines
13.1 Machine Setup
13.2 Storage
13.3 Controllers
13.4 Networking
13.5 Enabling Seamless and Synchronized Mouse Pointer Movement
13.6 Adding a CD/DVD-ROM Device with Virtual Machine Manager
13.7 Adding a Floppy Device with Virtual Machine Manager
13.8 Ejecting and Changing Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM Media with Virtual Machine Manager
13.9 Changing the Machine Type with virsh
13.10 Assigning a Host PCI Device to a VM Guest
13.11 Assigning a Host USB Device to a VM Guest
13.12 Adding SR-IOV Devices
III Hypervisor-Independent Features
14 Disk Cache Modes
14.1 Disk Interface Cache Modes
14.2 Description of Cache Modes
14.3 Data Integrity Implications of Cache Modes
14.4 Performance Implications of Cache Modes
14.5 Effect of Cache Modes on Live Migration
15 VM Guest Clock Settings
15.1 KVM: Using kvm_clock
15.2 Xen Virtual Machine Clock Settings
16 libguestfs
16.1 VM Guest Manipulation Overview
16.2 Package Installation
16.3 Guestfs Tools
16.4 Troubleshooting
16.5 External References
IV Managing Virtual Machines with Xen
17 Setting Up a Virtual Machine Host
17.1 Best Practices and Suggestions
17.2 Managing Dom0 Memory
17.3 Network Card in Fully Virtualized Guests
17.4 Starting the Virtual Machine Host
17.5 PCI Pass-Through
17.6 USB Pass-Through with PVUSB
18 Virtual Networking
18.1 Network Devices for Guest Systems
18.2 Host-Based Routing in Xen
18.3 Creating a Masqueraded Network Setup
18.4 Special Configurations
19 Managing a Virtualization Environment
19.1 XL—Xen Management Tool
19.2 Automatic Start of Guest Domains
19.3 Event Actions
19.4 Time Stamp Counter
19.5 Saving Virtual Machines
19.6 Restoring Virtual Machines
19.7 Virtual Machine States
20 Block Devices in Xen
20.1 Mapping Physical Storage to Virtual Disks
20.2 Mapping Network Storage to Virtual Disk
20.3 File-Backed Virtual Disks and Loopback Devices
20.4 Resizing Block Devices
20.5 Scripts for Managing Advanced Storage Scenarios
21 Virtualization: Configuration Options and Settings
21.1 Virtual CD Readers
21.2 Remote Access Methods
21.3 VNC Viewer
21.4 Virtual Keyboards
21.5 Dedicating CPU Resources
21.6 HVM Features
22 Administrative Tasks
22.1 The Boot Loader Program
22.2 Sparse Image Files and Disk Space
22.3 Migrating Xen VM Guest Systems
22.4 Monitoring Xen
22.5 Providing Host Information for VM Guest Systems
23 XenStore: Configuration Database Shared between Domains
23.1 Introduction
23.2 File System Interface
24 Xen as a High-Availability Virtualization Host
24.1 Xen HA with Remote Storage
24.2 Xen HA with Local Storage
24.3 Xen HA and Private Bridges
V Managing Virtual Machines with QEMU
25 QEMU Overview
26 Setting Up a KVM VM Host Server
26.1 CPU Support for Virtualization
26.2 Required Software
26.3 KVM Host-Specific Features
27 Guest Installation
27.1 Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH
27.2 Managing Disk Images with qemu-img
28 Running Virtual Machines with qemu-system-ARCH
28.1 Basic qemu-system-ARCH Invocation
28.2 General qemu-system-ARCH Options
28.3 Using Devices in QEMU
28.4 Networking in QEMU
28.5 Viewing a VM Guest with VNC
29 Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor
29.1 Accessing Monitor Console
29.2 Getting Information about the Guest System
29.3 Changing VNC Password
29.4 Managing Devices
29.5 Controlling Keyboard and Mouse
29.6 Changing Available Memory
29.7 Dumping Virtual Machine Memory
29.8 Managing Virtual Machine Snapshots
29.9 Suspending and Resuming Virtual Machine Execution
29.10 Live Migration
29.11 QMP - QEMU Machine Protocol
VI Managing Virtual Machines with LXC
30 Linux Containers
30.1 Setting Up LXC Distribution Containers
30.2 Setting Up LXC Application Containers
30.3 Securing a Container Using AppArmor
30.4 Differences Between the libvirt LXC Driver and LXC
30.5 For More Information
31 Migration from LXC to libvirt-lxc
31.1 Host Migration
31.2 Container Migration
31.3 Starting the Container
Glossary
A Appendix
A.1 Generating x509 Client/Server Certificates
B XM, XL Toolstacks and Libvirt framework
B.1 Xen Toolstacks
B.2 Import Xen Domain Configuration into libvirt
B.3 Differences Between the xm and xl Applications
B.4 External links
B.5 Saving a Xen Guest Configuration in an xm Compatible Format
C GNU Licenses
C.1 GNU Free Documentation License

Copyright © 2006– 2018 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/. All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its affiliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks.

All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its affiliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof.

About This Manual

This manual offers an introduction to setting up and managing virtualization with KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine), Xen, and Linux Containers (LXC) on openSUSE Leap. The first part introduces the different virtualization solutions by describing their requirements, their installations and SUSE's support status. The second part deals with managing VM Guests and VM Host Servers with libvirt. The following parts describe various administration tasks and practices and the last three parts deal with hypervisor-specific topics.

1 Available Documentation

Note
Note: Online Documentation and Latest Updates

Documentation for our products is available at http://doc.opensuse.org/, where you can also find the latest updates, and browse or download the documentation in various formats.

In addition, the product documentation is usually available in your installed system under /usr/share/doc/manual.

The following documentation is available for this product:

Book “Start-Up

This manual will see you through your initial contact with openSUSE® Leap. Check out the various parts of this manual to learn how to install, use and enjoy your system.

Book “Reference

Covers system administration tasks like maintaining, monitoring and customizing an initially installed system.

Virtualization Guide

Describes virtualization technology in general, and introduces libvirt—the unified interface to virtualization—and detailed information on specific hypervisors.

Book “AutoYaST”

AutoYaST is a system for installing one or more openSUSE Leap systems automatically and without user intervention, using an AutoYaST profile that contains installation and configuration data. The manual guides you through the basic steps of auto-installation: preparation, installation, and configuration.

Book “Security Guide

Introduces basic concepts of system security, covering both local and network security aspects. Shows how to use the product inherent security software like AppArmor or the auditing system that reliably collects information about any security-relevant events.

Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide

An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to efficiently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources.

Book “GNOME User Guide

Introduces the GNOME desktop of openSUSE Leap. It guides you through using and configuring the desktop and helps you perform key tasks. It is intended mainly for end users who want to make efficient use of GNOME as their default desktop.

2 Feedback

Several feedback channels are available:

Bug Reports

To report bugs for openSUSE Leap, go to https://bugzilla.opensuse.org/, log in, and click New.

Mail

For feedback on the documentation of this product, you can also send a mail to doc-team@suse.com. Make sure to include the document title, the product version and the publication date of the documentation. To report errors or suggest enhancements, provide a concise description of the problem and refer to the respective section number and page (or URL).

3 Documentation Conventions

The following notices and typographical conventions are used in this documentation:

  • /etc/passwd: directory names and file names

  • PLACEHOLDER: replace PLACEHOLDER with the actual value

  • PATH: the environment variable PATH

  • ls, --help: commands, options, and parameters

  • user: users or groups

  • package name : name of a package

  • Alt, AltF1: a key to press or a key combination; keys are shown in uppercase as on a keyboard

  • File, File › Save As: menu items, buttons

  • Dancing Penguins (Chapter Penguins, ↑Another Manual): This is a reference to a chapter in another manual.

  • Commands that must be run with root privileges. Often you can also prefix these commands with the sudo command to run them as non-privileged user.

    root # command
    tux > sudo command
  • Commands that can be run by non-privileged users.

    tux > command
  • Notices

    Warning
    Warning: Warning Notice

    Vital information you must be aware of before proceeding. Warns you about security issues, potential loss of data, damage to hardware, or physical hazards.

    Important
    Important: Important Notice

    Important information you should be aware of before proceeding.

    Note
    Note: Note Notice

    Additional information, for example about differences in software versions.

    Tip
    Tip: Tip Notice

    Helpful information, like a guideline or a piece of practical advice.

Part I Introduction

1 Virtualization Technology

Virtualization is a technology that provides a way for a machine (Host) to run another operating system (guest virtual machines) on top of the host operating system.

2 Introduction to Xen Virtualization

This chapter introduces and explains the components and technologies you need to understand to set up and manage a Xen-based virtualization environment.

3 Introduction to KVM Virtualization

4 Introduction to Linux Containers

Linux containers are a lightweight virtualization method to run multiple virtual units (containers) simultaneously on a single host. This is similar to the chroot environment. Containers are isolated with kernel Control Groups (cgroups) and kernel Namespaces.

5 Virtualization Tools

libvirt is a library that provides a common API for managing popular virtualization solutions, among them KVM, LXC, and Xen. The library provides a normalized management API for these virtualization solutions, allowing a stable, cross-hypervisor interface for higher-level management tools. The library also provides APIs for management of virtual networks and storage on the VM Host Server. The configuration of each VM Guest is stored in an XML file.

With libvirt you can also manage your VM Guests remotely. It supports TLS encryption, x509 certificates and authentication with SASL. This enables managing VM Host Servers centrally from a single workstation, alleviating the need to access each VM Host Server individually.

Using the libvirt-based tools is the recommended way of managing VM Guests. Interoperability between libvirt and libvirt-based applications has been tested and is an essential part of SUSE's support stance.

6 Installation of Virtualization Components

None of the virtualization tools is installed by default.

1 Virtualization Technology

Abstract

Virtualization is a technology that provides a way for a machine (Host) to run another operating system (guest virtual machines) on top of the host operating system.

1.1 Overview

openSUSE Leap includes the latest open source virtualization technologies, Xen and KVM. With these Hypervisors, openSUSE Leap can be used to provision, de-provision, install, monitor and manage multiple virtual machines (VM Guests) on a single physical system (for more information see Hypervisor).

Out of the box, openSUSE Leap can create virtual machines running both modified, highly tuned, paravirtualized operating systems and fully virtualized unmodified operating systems. Full virtualization allows the guest OS to run unmodified and requires the presence of AMD64/Intel 64 processors which supports either Intel* Virtualization Technology (Intel VT) or AMD* Virtualization (AMD-V)).

The primary component of the operating system that enables virtualization is a Hypervisor (or virtual machine manager), which is a layer of software that runs directly on server hardware. It controls platform resources, sharing them among multiple VM Guests and their operating systems by presenting virtualized hardware interfaces to each VM Guest.

openSUSE is a Linux server operating system that offers two types of Hypervisors: Xen and KVM. Both Hypervisors support virtualization on 64-bit x86-based hardware architectures. Both Xen and KVM support full virtualization mode. In addition, Xen supports paravirtualized mode. openSUSE Leap with Xen or KVM acts as a virtualization host server (VHS) that supports VM Guests with its own guest operating systems. The SUSE VM Guest architecture consists of a Hypervisor and management components that constitute the VHS, which runs many application-hosting VM Guests.

In Xen, the management components run in a privileged VM Guest often called Dom0. In KVM, where the Linux kernel acts as the hypervisor, the management components run directly on the VHS.

1.2 Virtualization Capabilities

Virtualization design provides many capabilities to your organization. Virtualization of operating systems is used in many computing areas:

  • Server consolidation: Many servers can be replaced by one big physical server, so hardware is consolidated, and Guest Operating Systems are converted to virtual machine. It provides the ability to run legacy software on new hardware.

  • Isolation: guest operating system can be fully isolated from the Host running it. So if the virtual machine is corrupted, the Host system is not harmed.

  • Migration: A process to move a running virtual machine to another physical machine. Live migration is an extended feature that allows this move without disconnection of the client or the application.

  • Disaster recovery: Virtualized guests are less dependent on the hardware, and the Host server provides snapshot features to be able to restore a known running system without any corruption.

  • Dynamic load balancing: A migration feature that brings a simple way to load-balance your service across your infrastructure.

1.3 Virtualization Benefits

Virtualization brings a lot of advantages while providing the same service as a hardware server.

First, it reduces the cost of your infrastructure. Servers are mainly used to provide a service to a customer, and a virtualized operating system can provide the same service, with:

  • Less hardware: You can run several operating system on one host, so all hardware maintenance will be reduced.

  • Less power/cooling: Less hardware means you do not need to invest more in electric power, backup power, and cooling if you need more service.

  • Save space: Your data center space will be saved because you do not need more hardware servers (less servers than service running).

  • Less management: Using a VM Guest simplifies the administration of your infrastructure.

  • Agility and productivity: Virtualization provides migration capabilities, live migration and snapshots. These features reduce downtime, and bring an easy way to move your service from one place to another without any service interruption.

1.4 Virtualization Modes

Guest operating systems are hosted on virtual machines in either full virtualization (FV) mode or paravirtual (PV) mode. Each virtualization mode has advantages and disadvantages.

  • Full virtualization mode lets virtual machines run unmodified operating systems, such as Windows* Server 2003. It can use either Binary Translation or hardware-assisted virtualization technology, such as AMD* Virtualization or Intel* Virtualization Technology. Using hardware assistance allows for better performance on processors that support it.

  • To be able to run under paravirtual mode, guest operating systems usually need to be modified for the virtualization environment. However, operating systems running in paravirtual mode have better performance than those running under full virtualization.

    Operating systems currently modified to run in paravirtual mode are called paravirtualized operating systems and include openSUSE Leap and NetWare® 6.5 SP8.

1.5 I/O Virtualization

VM Guests not only share CPU and memory resources of the host system, but also the I/O subsystem. Because software I/O virtualization techniques deliver less performance than bare metal, hardware solutions that deliver almost native performance have been developed recently. openSUSE Leap supports the following I/O virtualization techniques:

Full Virtualization

Fully Virtualized (FV) drivers emulate widely supported real devices, which can be used with an existing driver in the VM Guest. The guest is also called Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM). Since the physical device on the VM Host Server may differ from the emulated one, the hypervisor needs to process all I/O operations before handing them over to the physical device. Therefore all I/O operations need to traverse two software layers, a process that not only significantly impacts I/O performance, but also consumes CPU time.

Paravirtualization

Paravirtualization (PV) allows direct communication between the hypervisor and the VM Guest. With less overhead involved, performance is much better than with full virtualization. However, paravirtualization requires either the guest operating system to be modified to support the paravirtualization API or paravirtualized drivers.

PVHVM

This type of virtualization enhances HVM (see Full Virtualization) with paravirtualized (PV) drivers, and PV interrupt and timer handling.

VFIO

VFIO stands for Virtual Function I/O and is a new user-level driver framework for Linux. It replaces the traditional KVM PCI Pass-Through device assignment. The VFIO driver exposes direct device access to user space in a secure memory (IOMMU) protected environment. With VFIO, a VM Guest can directly access hardware devices on the VM Host Server (pass-through), avoiding performance issues caused by emulation in performance critical paths. This method does not allow to share devices—each device can only be assigned to a single VM Guest. VFIO needs to be supported by the VM Host Server CPU, chipset and the BIOS/EFI.

Compared to the legacy KVM PCI device assignment, VFIO has the following advantages:

  • Resource access is compatible with secure boot.

  • Device is isolated and its memory access protected.

  • Offers a user space device driver with more flexible device ownership model.

  • Is independent of KVM technology, and not bound to x86 architecture only.

As of openSUSE 42.2, the USB and PCI Pass-through methods of device assignment are considered deprecated and were superseded by the VFIO model.

SR-IOV

The latest I/O virtualization technique, Single Root I/O Virtualization SR-IOV combines the benefits of the aforementioned techniques—performance and the ability to share a device with several VM Guests. SR-IOV requires special I/O devices, that are capable of replicating resources so they appear as multiple separate devices. Each such pseudo device can be directly used by a single guest. However, for network cards for example the number of concurrent queues that can be used is limited, potentially reducing performance for the VM Guest compared to paravirtualized drivers. On the VM Host Server, SR-IOV must be supported by the I/O device, the CPU and chipset, the BIOS/EFI and the hypervisor—for setup instructions see Section 13.10, “Assigning a Host PCI Device to a VM Guest”.

Important
Important: Requirements for VFIO and SR-IOV

To be able to use the VFIO and SR-IOV features, the VM Host Server needs to fulfill the following requirements:

  • IOMMU needs to be enabled in the BIOS/EFI.

  • For Intel CPUs, the kernel parameter intel_iommu=on needs to be provided on the kernel command line. For more information, see Book “Reference”, Chapter 12 “The Boot Loader GRUB 2”, Section 12.3.3.2 “Kernel Parameters Tab”.

  • The VFIO infrastructure needs to be available. This can be achieved by loading the kernel module vfio_pci. For more information, see Book “Reference”, Chapter 10 “The systemd Daemon”, Section 10.6.4 “Loading Kernel Modules”.

2 Introduction to Xen Virtualization

This chapter introduces and explains the components and technologies you need to understand to set up and manage a Xen-based virtualization environment.

2.1 Basic Components

The basic components of a Xen-based virtualization environment are the Xen hypervisor, the Dom0, any number of other VM Guests, and the tools, commands, and configuration files that let you manage virtualization. Collectively, the physical computer running all these components is called a VM Host Server because together these components form a platform for hosting virtual machines.

The Xen Hypervisor

The Xen hypervisor, sometimes simply called a virtual machine monitor, is an open source software program that coordinates the low-level interaction between virtual machines and physical hardware.

The Dom0

The virtual machine host environment, also called Dom0 or controlling domain, is composed of several components, such as:

  • openSUSE Leap provides a graphical and a command line environment to manage the virtual machine host components and its virtual machines.

    Note
    Note

    The term Dom0 refers to a special domain that provides the management environment. This may be run either in graphical or in command line mode.

  • The xl tool stack based on the xenlight library (libxl). Use it to manage Xen guest domains.

  • QEMU—an open source software that emulates a full computer system, including a processor and various peripherals. It provides the ability to host operating systems in both full virtualization or paravirtualization mode.

Xen-Based Virtual Machines

A Xen-based virtual machine, also called a VM Guest or DomU, consists of the following components:

  • At least one virtual disk that contains a bootable operating system. The virtual disk can be based on a file, partition, volume, or other type of block device.

  • A configuration file for each guest domain. It is a text file following the syntax described in the manual page man 5 xl.conf.

  • Several network devices, connected to the virtual network provided by the controlling domain.

Management Tools, Commands, and Configuration Files

There is a combination of GUI tools, commands, and configuration files to help you manage and customize your virtualization environment.

2.2 Xen Virtualization Architecture

The following graphic depicts a virtual machine host with four virtual machines. The Xen hypervisor is shown as running directly on the physical hardware platform. Note that the controlling domain is also a virtual machine, although it has several additional management tasks compared to all the other virtual machines.

Xen Virtualization Architecture
Figure 2.1: Xen Virtualization Architecture

On the left, the virtual machine host’s Dom0 is shown running the openSUSE Leap operating system. The two virtual machines shown in the middle are running paravirtualized operating systems. The virtual machine on the right shows a fully virtual machine running an unmodified operating system, such as the latest version of Microsoft Windows/Server.

3 Introduction to KVM Virtualization

3.1 Basic Components

KVM is a full virtualization solution for the AMD64/Intel 64 and the z Systems architectures supporting hardware virtualization.

VM Guests (virtual machines), virtual storage, and virtual networks can be managed with QEMU tools directly, or with the libvirt-based stack. The QEMU tools include qemu-system-ARCH, the QEMU monitor, qemu-img, and qemu-ndb. A libvirt-based stack includes libvirt itself, along with libvirt-based applications such as virsh, virt-manager, virt-install, and virt-viewer.

3.2 KVM Virtualization Architecture

This full virtualization solution consists of two main components:

  • A set of kernel modules (kvm.ko, kvm-intel.ko, and kvm-amd.ko) that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and processor-specific drivers.

  • A user space program (qemu-system-ARCH) that provides emulation for virtual devices and control mechanisms to manage VM Guests (virtual machines).

The term KVM more properly refers to the kernel level virtualization functionality, but is in practice more commonly used to refer to the user space component.

KVM Virtualization Architecture
Figure 3.1: KVM Virtualization Architecture
Note
Note: Hyper-V Emulation Support

QEMU can provide certain Hyper-V hypercalls for Windows* guests to partly emulate a Hyper-V environment. This can be used to achieve better behavior for Windows* guests that are Hyper-V enabled.

4 Introduction to Linux Containers

Linux containers are a lightweight virtualization method to run multiple virtual units (containers) simultaneously on a single host. This is similar to the chroot environment. Containers are isolated with kernel Control Groups (cgroups) and kernel Namespaces.

Containers provide virtualization at the operating system level where the kernel controls the isolated containers. This is unlike full virtualization solutions like Xen or KVM where the processor simulates a complete hardware environment and controls virtual machines.

Conceptually, containers can be seen as an improved chroot technique. The difference is that a chroot environment separates only the file system, whereas containers go further and provide resource management and control via cgroups.

Benefits of Containers
  • Isolating applications and operating systems through containers.

  • Providing nearly native performance as container manages allocation of resources in real-time.

  • Controlling network interfaces and applying resources inside containers through cgroups.

Limitations of Containers
  • All containers run inside the host system's kernel and not with a different kernel.

  • Only allows Linux guest operating systems.

  • Security depends on the host system. Container is not secure. If you need a secure system, you can confine it using an AppArmor or SELinux profile.

5 Virtualization Tools

Abstract

libvirt is a library that provides a common API for managing popular virtualization solutions, among them KVM, LXC, and Xen. The library provides a normalized management API for these virtualization solutions, allowing a stable, cross-hypervisor interface for higher-level management tools. The library also provides APIs for management of virtual networks and storage on the VM Host Server. The configuration of each VM Guest is stored in an XML file.

With libvirt you can also manage your VM Guests remotely. It supports TLS encryption, x509 certificates and authentication with SASL. This enables managing VM Host Servers centrally from a single workstation, alleviating the need to access each VM Host Server individually.

Using the libvirt-based tools is the recommended way of managing VM Guests. Interoperability between libvirt and libvirt-based applications has been tested and is an essential part of SUSE's support stance.

5.1 Virtualization Console Tools

The following libvirt-based tools for the command line are available on openSUSE Leap. All tools are provided by packages carrying the tool's name.

virsh

A command line tool to manage VM Guests with similar functionality as the Virtual Machine Manager. Allows you to change a VM Guest's status (start, stop, pause, etc.), to set up new guests and devices, or to edit existing configurations. virsh is also useful to script VM Guest management operations.

virsh takes the first argument as a command and further arguments as options to this command:

virsh [-c URI] COMMAND DOMAIN-ID [OPTIONS]

Like zypper, virsh can also be called without a command. In this case it starts a shell waiting for your commands. This mode is useful when having to run subsequent commands:

~> virsh -c qemu+ssh://wilber@mercury.example.com/system
Enter passphrase for key '/home/wilber/.ssh/id_rsa':
Welcome to virsh, the virtualization interactive terminal.

Type:  'help' for help with commands
       'quit' to quit

virsh # hostname
mercury.example.com
virt-install

A command line tool for creating new VM Guests using the libvirt library. It supports graphical installations via VNC or SPICE protocols. Given suitable command line arguments, virt-install can run completely unattended. This allows for easy automation of guest installs. virt-install is the default installation tool used by the Virtual Machine Manager.

5.2 Virtualization GUI Tools

The following libvirt-based graphical tools are available on openSUSE Leap. All tools are provided by packages carrying the tool's name.

Virtual Machine Manager (virt-manager)

The Virtual Machine Manager is a desktop tool for managing VM Guests. It provides the ability to control the life cycle of existing machines (start/shutdown, pause/resume, save/restore) and create new VM Guests. It allows managing various types of storage and virtual networks. It provides access to the graphical console of VM Guests with a built-in VNC viewer and can be used to view performance statistics. virt-manager supports connecting to a local libvirtd, managing a local VM Host Server, or a remote libvirtd managing a remote VM Host Server.

To start the Virtual Machine Manager, enter virt-manager at the command prompt.

Note
Note

To disable automatic USB device redirection for VM Guest using spice, either launch virt-manager with the --spice-disable-auto-usbredir parameter or run the following command to persistently change the default behavior:

tux > dconf write /org/virt-manager/virt-manager/console/auto-redirect false
virt-viewer

A viewer for the graphical console of a VM Guest. It uses SPICE (configured by default on the VM Guest) or VNC protocols and supports TLS and x509 certificates. VM Guests can be accessed by name, ID, or UUID. If the guest is not already running, the viewer can be told to wait until the guest starts, before attempting to connect to the console. virt-viewer is not installed by default and is available after installing the package virt-viewer.

Note
Note

To disable automatic USB device redirection for VM Guest using spice, add an empty filter using the --spice-usbredir-auto-redirect-filter='' parameter.

yast2 vm

A YaST module that simplifies the installation of virtualization tools and can set up a network bridge:

6 Installation of Virtualization Components

None of the virtualization tools is installed by default.

6.1 Installing KVM

To install KVM and KVM tools, proceed as follows:

  1. Start YaST and choose Virtualization › Install Hypervisor and Tools.

  2. Select KVM server for a minimal installation of QEMU tools. Select KVM tools if a libvirt-based management stack is also desired. Confirm with Accept.

  3. To enable normal networking for the VM Guest, using a network bridge is recommended. YaST offers to automatically configure a bridge on the VM Host Server. Agree to do so by choosing Yes, otherwise choose No.

  4. After the setup has been finished, you can start setting up VM Guests. Rebooting the VM Host Server is not required.

6.2 Installing Xen

To install Xen and Xen tools, proceed as follows:

  1. Start YaST and choose Virtualization › Install Hypervisor and Tools.

  2. Select Xen server for a minimal installation of Xen tools. Select Xen tools if a libvirt-based management stack is also desired. Confirm with Accept.

  3. To enable normal networking for the VM Guest, using a network bridge is recommended. YaST offers to automatically configure a bridge on the VM Host Server. Agree to do so by choosing Yes, otherwise choose No.

  4. After the setup has been finished, you need to reboot the machine with the Xen kernel.

    Tip
    Tip: Default Boot Kernel

    If everything works as expected, change the default boot kernel with YaST and make the Xen-enabled kernel the default. For more information about changing the default kernel, see Book “Reference”, Chapter 12 “The Boot Loader GRUB 2”, Section 12.3 “Configuring the Boot Loader with YaST”.

6.3 Installing Containers

To install containers, proceed as follows:

  1. Start YaST and choose Virtualization › Install Hypervisor and Tools.

  2. Select libvirt lxc daemon and confirm with Accept.

6.4 Patterns

It is possible using Zypper and patterns to install virtualization packages. Run the command zypper in -t pattern PATTERN. Available patterns are:

KVM
  • kvm_server: sets up the KVM VM Host Server with QEMU tools for management

  • kvm_tools: installs the libvirt tools for managing and monitoring VM Guests

Xen
  • xen_server: sets up the Xen VM Host Server with Xen tools for management

  • xen_tools: installs the libvirt tools for managing and monitoring VM Guests

Containers

There is no pattern for containers; install the libvirt-daemon-lxc package.

Part II Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt

7 Starting and Stopping libvirtd

The communication between the virtualization solutions (KVM, Xen, LXC) and the libvirt API is managed by the daemon libvirtd, which needs to run on the VM Host Server. libvirt client applications such as virt-manager, possibly running on a remote machine, communicate with libvirtd running on the VM …

8 Guest Installation

A VM Guest consists of an image containing an operating system and data files and a configuration file describing the VM Guest's virtual hardware resources. VM Guests are hosted on and controlled by the VM Host Server. This section provides generalized instructions for installing a VM Guest.

9 Basic VM Guest Management

Most management tasks, such as starting or stopping a VM Guest, can either be done using the graphical application Virtual Machine Manager or on the command line using virsh. Connecting to the graphical console via VNC is only possible from a graphical user interface.

10 Connecting and Authorizing

Managing several VM Host Servers, each hosting multiple VM Guests, quickly becomes difficult. One benefit of libvirt is the ability to connect to several VM Host Servers at once, providing a single interface to manage all VM Guests and to connect to their graphical console.

11 Managing Storage

When managing a VM Guest on the VM Host Server itself, you can access the complete file system of the VM Host Server to attach or create virtual hard disks or to attach existing images to the VM Guest. However, this is not possible when managing VM Guests from a remote host. For this reason, libvirt…

12 Managing Networks

This chapter introduces common networking configurations supported by libvirt. It does not depend on the hypervisor used. It is valid for all hypervisors supported by libvirt, such as KVM or Xen. These setups can be achieved using both the graphical interface of Virtual Machine Manager and the command line tool virsh.

13 Configuring Virtual Machines

Virtual Machine Manager's Details view offers in-depth information about the VM Guest's complete configuration and hardware equipment. Using this view, you can also change the guest configuration or add and modify virtual hardware. To access this view, open the guest's console in Virtual Machine Manager and either choose View › Details from the menu, or click Show virtual hardware details in the toolbar.

7 Starting and Stopping libvirtd

The communication between the virtualization solutions (KVM, Xen, LXC) and the libvirt API is managed by the daemon libvirtd, which needs to run on the VM Host Server. libvirt client applications such as virt-manager, possibly running on a remote machine, communicate with libvirtd running on the VM Host Server, which services the request using native hypervisor APIs. Use the following commands to start and stop libvirtd or check its status:

tux > sudo systemctl start libvirtd

tux > sudo systemctl status libvirtd
libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2014-05-12 08:49:40 EDT; 2s ago
[...]

tux > sudo systemctl stop libvirtd

tux > sudo systemctl status libvirtd
[...]
Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2014-05-12 08:51:11 EDT; 4s ago
[...]

To automatically start libvirtd at boot time, either activate it using the YaST Services Manager module or by entering the following command:

tux > sudo systemctl enable libvirtd
Important
Important: Conflicting Services: libvirtd and xendomains

In case libvirtd fails to start, check if the service xendomains is loaded:

tux > systemctl is-active xendomains
active

In case the command returns active, you need to stop xendomains before you will be able to start the libvirtd daemon. In case you want libvirtd to also start after rebooting, you should additionally prevent xendomains from starting automatically by disabling the service:

tux > sudo systemctl stop xendomains
tux > sudo systemctl disable xendomains
tux > sudo systemctl start libvirtd

xendomains and libvirtd provide the same service and when used in parallel may interfere with one another. As an example, xendomains may attempt to start a domU already started by libvirtd.

8 Guest Installation

A VM Guest consists of an image containing an operating system and data files and a configuration file describing the VM Guest's virtual hardware resources. VM Guests are hosted on and controlled by the VM Host Server. This section provides generalized instructions for installing a VM Guest.

Virtual machines have few if any requirements above those required to run the operating system. If the operating system has not been optimized for the virtual machine host environment, it can only run on hardware-assisted virtualization computer hardware, in full virtualization mode, and requires specific device drivers to be loaded. The hardware that is presented to the VM Guest depends on the configuration of the host.

Note
Note: Virtual Machine Architectures

The virtual machine host runs only on AMD64 and Intel 64. A 64-bit virtual machine host can, however, run both 32-bit and 64-bit VM Guests.

You should be aware of any licensing issues related to running a single licensed copy of an operating system on multiple virtual machines. Consult the operating system license agreement for more information.

8.1 GUI-Based Guest Installation

The New VM wizard helps you through the steps required to create a virtual machine and install its operating system. There are two ways to start it: Within Virtual Machine Manager, either click Create New Virtual Machine or choose File › New Virtual Machine. Alternatively, start YaST and choose Virtualization › Create Virtual Machines for Xen and KVM.

  1. Start the New VM wizard either from YaST or Virtual Machine Manager.

  2. Choose an installation source—either a locally available media or a network installation source. If you want to set up your VM Guest from an existing image, choose import existing disk image.

    On a VM Host Server running the Xen hypervisor, you can choose whether to install a paravirtualized or a fully virtualized guest. The respective option is available under Architecture Options. Depending on this choice, not all installation options may be available.

  3. Depending on your choice in the previous step, you need to provide the following data:

    Local Installation Media (ISO image or CDROM)

    Specify the path on the VM Host Server to an iso image containing the installation data. If it is available as a volume in a libvirt storage pool, you can also select it using Browse. For more information, see Chapter 11, Managing Storage.

    Alternatively, choose a physical CD-ROM or DVD inserted in the optical drive of the VM Host Server.

    Network Installation (HTTP, FTP, or NFS)

    Provide the URL pointing to the installation source. Valid URL prefixes are, for example, ftp://, http://, https://, and nfs://.

    Under URL Options, provide a path to an auto-installation file (AutoYaST or Kickstart, for example) and kernel parameters. Having provided a URL, the operating system should be automatically detected correctly. If this is not the case, deselect Automatically Detect Operating System Based on Install-Media and manually select the OS Type and Version.

    Network Boot (PXE)

    When booting via PXE, you only need to provide the OS Type and the Version.

    Import Existing Disk Image

    To set up the VM Guest from an existing image, you need to specify the path on the VM Host Server to the image. If it is available as a volume in a libvirt storage pool, you can also select it using Browse. For more information, see Chapter 11, Managing Storage.

  4. Choose the memory size and number of CPUs for the new virtual machine.

  5. This step is omitted when Import an Existing Image is chosen in the first step.

    Set up a virtual hard disk for the VM Guest. Either create a new disk image or choose an existing one from a storage pool (for more information, see Chapter 11, Managing Storage). If you choose to create a disk, a qcow2 image will be created. By default, it is stored under /var/lib/libvirt/images.

    Setting up a disk is optional. If you are running a live system directly from CD or DVD, for example, you can omit this step by deactivating Enable Storage for this Virtual Machine.

  6. On the last screen of the wizard, specify the name for the virtual machine. To be offered the possibility to review and make changes to the virtualized hardware selection, activate Customize configuration before install. Find options to specify the network device under Network Selection.

    Click Finish.

  7. (Optional) If you kept the defaults in the previous step, the installation will now start. If you selected Customize configuration before install, a VM Guest configuration dialog opens. For more information about configuring VM Guests, see Chapter 13, Configuring Virtual Machines.

    When you are done configuring, click Begin Installation.

Tip
Tip: Passing Key Combinations to Virtual Machines

The installation starts in a Virtual Machine Manager console window. Some key combinations, such as CtrlAltF1, are recognized by the VM Host Server but are not passed to the virtual machine. To bypass the VM Host Server, Virtual Machine Manager provides the sticky key functionality. Pressing Ctrl, Alt, or Shift three times makes the key sticky, then you can press the remaining keys to pass the combination to the virtual machine.

For example, to pass CtrlAltF2 to a Linux virtual machine, press Ctrl three times, then press AltF2. You can also press Alt three times, then press CtrlF2.

The sticky key functionality is available in the Virtual Machine Manager during and after installing a VM Guest.

8.2 Installing from the Command Line with virt-install

virt-install is a command line tool that helps you create new virtual machines using the libvirt library. It is useful if you cannot use the graphical user interface, or need to automatize the process of creating virtual machines.

virt-install is a complex script with a lot of command line switches. The following are required. For more information, see the man page of virt-install (1).

General Options
  • --name VM_GUEST_NAME: Specify the name of the new virtual machine. The name must be unique across all guests known to the hypervisor on the same connection. It is used to create and name the guest’s configuration file and you can access the guest with this name from virsh. Alphanumeric and _-.:+ characters are allowed.

  • --memory REQUIRED_MEMORY: Specify the amount of memory to allocate for the new virtual machine in megabytes.

  • --vcpus NUMBER_OF_CPUS: Specify the number of virtual CPUs. For best performance, the number of virtual processors should be less than or equal to the number of physical processors.

Virtualization Type
  • --paravirt: Set up a paravirtualized guest. This is the default if the VM Host Server supports paravirtualization and full virtualization.

  • --hvm: Set up a fully virtualized guest.

  • --virt-type HYPERVISOR: Specify the hypervisor. Supported values are kvm, xen, or lxc.

Guest Storage

Specify one of --disk, --filesystem or --nodisks the type of the storage for the new virtual machine. For example, --disk size=10 creates 10 GB disk in the default image location for the hypervisor and uses it for the VM Guest. --filesystem /export/path/on/vmhost specifies the directory on the VM Host Server to be exported to the guest. And --nodisks sets up a VM Guest without a local storage (good for Live CDs).

Installation Method

Specify the installation method using one of --location, --cdrom, --pxe, --import, or --boot .

Accessing the Installation

Use the --graphics VALUE option to specify how to access the installation. openSUSE Leap supports the values vnc or none.

If using vnc virt-install tries to launch virt-viewer. If it is not installed or cannot be run, connect to the VM Guest manually with you preferred viewer. To explicitly prevent virt-install from launching the viewer use --noautoconsole. To define a password for accessing the VNC session, use the following syntax: --graphics vnc,password=PASSWORD.

In case you are using --graphics none, you can access the VM Guest through operating system supported services, such as SSH or VNC. Refer to the operating system installation manual on how to set up these services in the installation system.

Enabling the Console

By default, the console is not enabled for new virtual machines installed using virt-install. To enable it, use --extra-args="console=ttyS0 textmode=1" as in the following example:

virt-install --virt-type kvm --name sles12 --memory 1024 \
 --disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/disk1.qcow2 --os-variant sles12
 --extra-args="console=ttyS0 textmode=1" --graphics none

After the installation finishe, the /etc/default/grub file in the VM image will be updated with the console=ttyS0 option on the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT line.

Example 8.1: Example of a virt-install command line

The following command line example creates a new SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 virtual machine with a virtio accelerated disk and network card. It creates a new 10 GB qcow2 disk image as a storage, the source installation media being the host CD-ROM drive. It will use VNC graphics, and it will auto-launch the graphical client.

KVM
virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm  --name sled12 \
--memory 1024 --disk size=10 --cdrom /dev/cdrom --graphics vnc \
--os-variant sled12
Xen
virt-install --connect xen:// --virt-type xen  --name sled12 \
--memory 1024 --disk size=10 --cdrom /dev/cdrom --graphics vnc \
--os-variant sled12

8.3 Advanced Guest Installation Scenarios

This section provides instructions for operations exceeding the scope of a normal installation, such as including modules and extensions packages.

8.3.1 Including Add-On Products in the Installation

Some operating systems such as openSUSE Leap offer to include add-on products in the installation process. In case the add-on product installation source is provided via network, no special VM Guest configuration is needed. If it is provided via CD/DVD or ISO image, it is necessary to provide the VM Guest installation system with both, the standard installation medium and an image for the add-on product.

In case you are using the GUI-based installation, select Customize Configuration Before Install in the last step of the wizard and add the add-on product ISO image via Add Hardware › Storage. Specify the path to the image and set the Device Type to CD-ROM.

If installing from the command line, you need to set up the virtual CD/DVD drives with the --disk parameter rather than with --cdrom. The device that is specified first is used for booting. The following example will install SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 plus SDK:

virt-install --name sles12+sdk --memory 1024 --disk size=10 \
--disk /virt/iso/SLES12.iso,device=cdrom \
--disk /virt/iso/SLES12_SDK.iso,device=cdrom \
--graphics vnc --os-variant sles12

9 Basic VM Guest Management

Most management tasks, such as starting or stopping a VM Guest, can either be done using the graphical application Virtual Machine Manager or on the command line using virsh. Connecting to the graphical console via VNC is only possible from a graphical user interface.

Note
Note: Managing VM Guests on a Remote VM Host Server

If started on a VM Host Server, the libvirt tools Virtual Machine Manager, virsh, and virt-viewer can be used to manage VM Guests on the host. However, it is also possible to manage VM Guests on a remote VM Host Server. This requires configuring remote access for libvirt on the host. For instructions, see Chapter 10, Connecting and Authorizing.

To connect to such a remote host with Virtual Machine Manager, you need to set up a connection as explained in Section 10.2.2, “Managing Connections with Virtual Machine Manager”. If connecting to a remote host using virsh or virt-viewer, you need to specify a connection URI with the parameter -c (for example, virsh -c qemu+tls://saturn.example.com/system or virsh -c xen+ssh://). The form of connection URI depends on the connection type and the hypervisor—see Section 10.2, “Connecting to a VM Host Server” for details.

Examples in this chapter are all listed without a connection URI.

9.1 Listing VM Guests

The VM Guest listing shows all VM Guests managed by libvirt on a VM Host Server.

9.1.1 Listing VM Guests with Virtual Machine Manager

The main window of the Virtual Machine Manager lists all VM Guests for each VM Host Server it is connected to. Each VM Guest entry contains the machine's name, its status (Running, Paused, or Shutoff) displayed as an icon and literally, and a CPU usage bar.

9.1.2 Listing VM Guests with virsh

Use the command virsh list to get a list of VM Guests:

List all running guests
virsh list
List all running and inactive guests
virsh list --all

For more information and further options, see virsh help list or man 1 virsh.

9.2 Accessing the VM Guest via Console

VM Guests can be accessed via a VNC connection (graphical console) or, if supported by the guest operating system, via a serial console.

9.2.1 Opening a Graphical Console

Opening a graphical console to a VM Guest lets you interact with the machine like a physical host via a VNC connection. If accessing the VNC server requires authentication, you are prompted to enter a user name (if applicable) and a password.

When you click into the VNC console, the cursor is grabbed and cannot be used outside the console anymore. To release it, press AltCtrl.

Tip
Tip: Seamless (Absolute) Cursor Movement

To prevent the console from grabbing the cursor and to enable seamless cursor movement, add a tablet input device to the VM Guest. See Section 13.5, “Enabling Seamless and Synchronized Mouse Pointer Movement” for more information.

Certain key combinations such as CtrlAltDel are interpreted by the host system and are not passed to the VM Guest. To pass such key combinations to a VM Guest, open the Send Key menu from the VNC window and choose the desired key combination entry. The Send Key menu is only available when using Virtual Machine Manager and virt-viewer. With Virtual Machine Manager, you can alternatively use the sticky key feature as explained in Tip: Passing Key Combinations to Virtual Machines.

Note
Note: Supported VNC Viewers

Principally all VNC viewers can connect to the console of a VM Guest. However, if you are using SASL authentication and/or TLS/SSL connection to access the guest, the options are limited. Common VNC viewers such as tightvnc or tigervnc support neither SASL authentication nor TLS/SSL. The only supported alternative to Virtual Machine Manager and virt-viewer is vinagre.

9.2.1.1 Opening a Graphical Console with Virtual Machine Manager

  1. In the Virtual Machine Manager, right-click a VM Guest entry.

  2. Choose Open from the pop-up menu.

9.2.1.2 Opening a Graphical Console with virt-viewer

virt-viewer is a simple VNC viewer with added functionality for displaying VM Guest consoles. For example, it can be started in wait mode, where it waits for a VM Guest to start before it connects. It also supports automatically reconnecting to a VM Guest that is rebooted.

virt-viewer addresses VM Guests by name, by ID or by UUID. Use virsh list --all to get this data.

To connect to a guest that is running or paused, use either the ID, UUID, or name. VM Guests that are shut off do not have an ID—you can only connect to them by UUID or name.

Connect to guest with the ID 8
virt-viewer 8
Connect to the inactive guest named sles12; the connection window will open once the guest starts
virt-viewer --wait sles12

With the --wait option, the connection will be upheld even if the VM Guest is not running at the moment. When the guest starts, the viewer will be launched.

For more information, see virt-viewer --help or man 1 virt-viewer.

Note
Note: Password Input on Remote connections with SSH

When using virt-viewer to open a connection to a remote host via SSH, the SSH password needs to be entered twice. The first time for authenticating with libvirt, the second time for authenticating with the VNC server. The second password needs to be provided on the command line where virt-viewer was started.

9.2.2 Opening a Serial Console

Accessing the graphical console of a virtual machine requires a graphical environment on the client accessing the VM Guest. As an alternative, virtual machines managed with libvirt can also be accessed from the shell via the serial console and virsh. To open a serial console to a VM Guest named sles12, run the following command:

virsh console sles12

virsh console takes two optional flags: --safe ensures exclusive access to the console, --force disconnects any existing sessions before connecting. Both features need to be supported by the guest operating system.

Being able to connect to a VM Guest via serial console requires that the guest operating system supports serial console access and is properly supported. Refer to the guest operating system manual for more information.

Tip
Tip: Enabling Serial Console Access for SUSE Linux Enterprise and openSUSE Guests

Serial console access in SUSE Linux Enterprise and openSUSE is disabled by default. To enable it, proceed as follows:

SLES 12 / openSUSE

Launch the YaST Boot Loader module and switch to the Kernel Parameters tab. Add console=ttyS0 to the field Optional Kernel Command Line Parameter.

SLES 11

Launch the YaST Boot Loader module and select the boot entry for which to activate serial console access. Choose Edit and add console=ttyS0 to the field Optional Kernel Command Line Parameter. Additionally, edit /etc/inittab and uncomment the line with the following content:

#S0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L 9600 ttyS0 vt102

9.3 Changing a VM Guest's State: Start, Stop, Pause

Starting, stopping or pausing a VM Guest can be done with either Virtual Machine Manager or virsh. You can also configure a VM Guest to be automatically started when booting the VM Host Server.

When shutting down a VM Guest, you may either shut it down gracefully, or force the shutdown. The latter is equivalent to pulling the power plug on a physical host and is only recommended if there are no alternatives. Forcing a shutdown may cause file system corruption and loss of data on the VM Guest.

Tip
Tip: Graceful Shutdown

To be able to perform a graceful shutdown, the VM Guest must be configured to support ACPI. If you have created the guest with the Virtual Machine Manager, ACPI should be available in the VM Guest.

Depending on the guest operating system, availability of ACPI may not be sufficient to perform a graceful shutdown. It is strongly recommended to test shutting down and rebooting a guest before using it in production. openSUSE or SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, for example, can require PolKit authorization for shutdown and reboot. Make sure this policy is turned off on all VM Guests.

If ACPI was enabled during a Windows XP/Windows Server 2003 guest installation, turning it on in the VM Guest configuration only is not sufficient. For more information, see:

Regardless of the VM Guest's configuration, a graceful shutdown is always possible from within the guest operating system.

9.3.1 Changing a VM Guest's State with Virtual Machine Manager

Changing a VM Guest's state can be done either from Virtual Machine Manager's main window, or from a VNC window.

Procedure 9.1: State Change from the Virtual Machine Manager Window
  1. Right-click a VM Guest entry.

  2. Choose Run, Pause, or one of the Shutdown options from the pop-up menu.

Procedure 9.2: State change from the VNC Window
  1. Open a VNC Window as described in Section 9.2.1.1, “Opening a Graphical Console with Virtual Machine Manager”.

  2. Choose Run, Pause, or one of the Shut Down options either from the toolbar or from the Virtual Machine menu.

9.3.1.1 Automatically Starting a VM Guest

You can automatically start a guest when the VM Host Server boots. This feature is not enabled by default and needs to be enabled for each VM Guest individually. There is no way to activate it globally.

  1. Double-click the VM Guest entry in Virtual Machine Manager to open its console.

  2. Choose View › Details to open the VM Guest configuration window.

  3. Choose Boot Options and check Start virtual machine on host boot up.

  4. Save the new configuration with Apply.

9.3.2 Changing a VM Guest's State with virsh

In the following examples, the state of a VM Guest named sles12 is changed.

Start
virsh start sles12
Pause
virsh suspend sles12
Resume (a Suspended VM Guest)
virsh resume sles12
Reboot
virsh reboot sles12
Graceful shutdown
virsh shutdown sles12
Force shutdown
virsh destroy sles12
Turn on automatic start
virsh autostart sles12
Turn off automatic start
virsh autostart --disable sles12

9.4 Saving and Restoring the State of a VM Guest

Saving a VM Guest preserves the exact state of the guest’s memory. The operation is similar to hibernating a computer. A saved VM Guest can be quickly restored to its previously saved running condition.

When saved, the VM Guest is paused, its current memory state is saved to disk, and then the guest is stopped. The operation does not make a copy of any portion of the VM Guest’s virtual disk. The amount of time taken to save the virtual machine depends on the amount of memory allocated. When saved, a VM Guest’s memory is returned to the pool of memory available on the VM Host Server.

The restore operation loads a VM Guest’s previously saved memory state file and starts it. The guest is not booted but instead resumed at the point where it was previously saved. The operation is similar to coming out of hibernation.

The VM Guest is saved to a state file. Make sure there is enough space on the partition you are going to save to. For an estimation of the file size in megabytes to be expected, issue the following command on the guest:

free -mh | awk '/^Mem:/ {print $3}'
Warning
Warning: Always Restore Saved Guests

After using the save operation, do not boot or start the saved VM Guest. Doing so would cause the machine's virtual disk and the saved memory state to get out of synchronization. This can result in critical errors when restoring the guest.

To be able to work with a saved VM Guest again, use the restore operation. If you used virsh to save a VM Guest, you cannot restore it using Virtual Machine Manager. In this case, make sure to restore using virsh.

Important
Important: Only for VM Guests with Disk Types raw, qcow2, qed

Saving and restoring VM Guests is only possible if the VM Guest is using a virtual disk of the type raw (.img), qcow2, or qed.

9.4.1 Saving/Restoring with Virtual Machine Manager

Procedure 9.3: Saving a VM Guest
  1. Open a VNC connection window to a VM Guest. Make sure the guest is running.

  2. Choose Virtual Machine › Shutdown › Save.

Procedure 9.4: Restoring a VM Guest
  1. Open a VNC connection window to a VM Guest. Make sure the guest is not running.

  2. Choose Virtual Machine › Restore.

    If the VM Guest was previously saved using Virtual Machine Manager, you will not be offered an option to Run the guest. However, note the caveats on machines saved with virsh outlined in Warning: Always Restore Saved Guests.

9.4.2 Saving and Restoring with virsh

Save a running VM Guest with the command virsh save and specify the file which it is saved to.

Save the guest named opensuse13
virsh save opensuse13 /virtual/saves/opensuse13.vmsav
Save the guest with the ID 37
virsh save 37 /virtual/saves/opensuse13.vmsave

To restore a VM Guest, use virsh restore:

virsh restore /virtual/saves/opensuse13.vmsave

9.5 Creating and Managing Snapshots

VM Guest snapshots are snapshots of the complete virtual machine including the state of CPU, RAM, and the content of all writable disks. To use virtual machine snapshots, you must have at least one non-removable and writable block device using the qcow2 disk image format.

Note
Note

Snapshots are supported on KVM VM Host Servers only.

Snapshots let you restore the state of the machine at a particular point in time. This is for example useful to undo a faulty configuration or the installation of a lot of packages. It is also helpful for testing purposes, as it allows you to go back to a defined state at any time.

Snapshots can be taken either from running guests or from a guest currently not running. Taking a screenshot from a guest that is shut down ensures data integrity. In case you want to create a snapshot from a running system, be aware that the snapshot only captures the state of the disk(s), not the state of the memory. Therefore you need to ensure that:

  • All running programs have written their data to the disk. If you are unsure, terminate the application and/or stop the respective service.

  • Buffers have been written to disk. This can be achieved by running the command sync on the VM Guest.

Starting a snapshot reverts the machine back to the state it was in when the snapshot was taken. Any changes written to the disk after that point in time will be lost when starting the snapshot.

Starting a snapshot will restore the machine to the state (shut off or running) it was in when the snapshot was taken. After starting a snapshot that was created while the VM Guest was shut off, you will need to boot it.

9.5.1 Creating and Managing Snapshots with Virtual Machine Manager

To open the snapshot management view in Virtual Machine Manager, open the VNC window as described in Section 9.2.1.1, “Opening a Graphical Console with Virtual Machine Manager”. Now either choose View › Snapshots or click Manage VM Snapshots in the toolbar.

The list of existing snapshots for the chosen VM Guest is displayed in the left-hand part of the window. The snapshot that was last started is marked with a green tick. The right-hand part of the window shows details of the snapshot currently marked in the list. These details include the snapshot's title and time stamp, the state of the VM Guest at the time the snapshot was taken and a description. Snapshots of running guests also include a screenshot. The Description can be changed directly from this view. Other snapshot data cannot be changed.

9.5.1.1 Creating a Snapshot

To take a new snapshot of a VM Guest, proceed as follows:

  1. Shut down the VM Guest in case you want to create a snapshot from a guest that is not running.

  2. Click Add in the bottom left corner of the VNC window.

    The window Create Snapshot opens.

  3. Provide a Name and, optionally, a description. The name cannot be changed after the snapshot has been taken. To be able to identify the snapshot later easily, use a speaking name.

  4. Confirm with Finish.

9.5.1.2 Deleting a Snapshot

To delete a snapshot of a VM Guest, proceed as follows:

  1. Click Delete in the bottom left corner of the VNC window.

  2. Confirm the deletion with Yes.

9.5.1.3 Starting a Snapshot

To start a snapshot, proceed as follows:

  1. Click Run in the bottom left corner of the VNC window.

  2. Confirm the start with Yes.

9.5.2 Creating and Managing Snapshots with virsh

To list all existing snapshots for a domain (ADMIN_SERVER in the following), run the snapshot-list command:

tux > virsh snapshot-list
 Name                 Creation Time             State
------------------------------------------------------------
 Basic installation incl. SMT finished 2013-09-18 09:45:29 +0200 shutoff
 Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD3 2013-12-11 15:11:05 +0100 shutoff
 Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD3-HA 2014-03-24 13:44:03 +0100 shutoff
 Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD4 2014-07-07 11:27:47 +0200 shutoff
 Beta1 Running        2013-07-12 12:27:28 +0200 shutoff
 Beta2 prepared       2013-07-12 17:00:44 +0200 shutoff
 Beta2 running        2013-07-29 12:14:11 +0200 shutoff
 Beta3 admin node deployed 2013-07-30 16:50:40 +0200 shutoff
 Beta3 prepared       2013-07-30 17:07:35 +0200 shutoff
 Beta3 running        2013-09-02 16:13:25 +0200 shutoff
 Cloud2 GM running    2013-12-10 15:44:58 +0100 shutoff
 CLOUD3 RC prepared   2013-12-20 15:30:19 +0100 shutoff
 CLOUD3-HA Build 680 prepared 2014-03-24 14:20:37 +0100 shutoff
 CLOUD3-HA Build 796 installed (zypper up) 2014-04-14 16:45:18 +0200 shutoff
 GMC2 post Cloud install 2013-09-18 10:53:03 +0200 shutoff
 GMC2 pre Cloud install 2013-09-18 10:31:17 +0200 shutoff
 GMC2 prepared (incl. Add-On Installation) 2013-09-17 16:22:37 +0200 shutoff
 GMC_pre prepared     2013-09-03 13:30:38 +0200 shutoff
 OS + SMT + eth[01]   2013-06-14 16:17:24 +0200 shutoff
 OS + SMT + Mirror + eth[01] 2013-07-30 15:50:16 +0200 shutoff

The snapshot that was last started is shown with the snapshot-current command:

tux > virsh snapshot-current --name admin_server
Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD4

Details about a particular snapshot can be obtained by running the snapshot-info command:

tux > virsh snapshot-info sles "Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD4"
Name:           Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD4
Domain:         admin_server
Current:        yes
State:          shutoff
Location:       internal
Parent:         Basic installation incl. SMT for CLOUD3-HA
Children:       0
Descendants:    0
Metadata:       yes

9.5.2.1 Creating a Snapshot

To take a new snapshot of a VM Guest currently not running, use the snapshot-create-as command as follows:

virsh snapshot-create-as --domain admin_server1 --name "Snapshot 1"2 \
--description "First snapshot"3

1

Domain name. Mandatory.

2

Name of the snapshot. It is recommended to use a speaking name, since that makes it easier to identify the snapshot. Mandatory.

3

Description for the snapshot. Optional.

To take a snapshot of a running VM Guest, you need to specify the --live parameter:

virsh snapshot-create-as --domain admin_server --name "Snapshot 2" \
 --description "First live snapshot" --live

Refer to the SNAPSHOT COMMANDS section in man 1 virsh for more details.

9.5.2.2 Deleting a Snapshot

To delete a snapshot of a VM Guest, use the snapshot-delete command:

virsh snapshot-delete --domain admin_server --snapshotname "Snapshot 2"

9.5.2.3 Starting a Snapshot

To start a snapshot, use the snapshot-revert command:

virsh snapshot-revert --domain admin_server --snapshotname "Snapshot 1"

To start the current snapshot (the one the VM Guest was started off), it is sufficient to use --current rather than specifying the snapshot name:

virsh snapshot-revert --domain admin_server --current

9.6 Deleting a VM Guest

By default, deleting a VM Guest using virsh removes only its XML configuration. Since attached storage is not deleted by default, you can reuse it with another VM Guest. With Virtual Machine Manager, you can also delete a guest's storage files as well—this will completely erase the guest.

9.6.1 Deleting a VM Guest with Virtual Machine Manager

  1. In the Virtual Machine Manager, right-click a VM Guest entry.

  2. From the context menu, choose Delete.

  3. A confirmation window opens. Clicking Delete will permanently erase the VM Guest. The deletion is not recoverable.

    You can also permanently delete the guest's virtual disk by activating Delete Associated Storage Files. The deletion is not recoverable either.

9.6.2 Deleting a VM Guest with virsh

To delete a VM Guest, it needs to be shut down first. It is not possible to delete a running guest. For information on shutting down, see Section 9.3, “Changing a VM Guest's State: Start, Stop, Pause”.

To delete a VM Guest with virsh, run virsh undefine VM_NAME.

virsh undefine sles12

There is no option to automatically delete the attached storage files. If they are managed by libvirt, delete them as described in Section 11.2.4, “Deleting Volumes from a Storage Pool”.

9.7 Migrating VM Guests

One of the major advantages of virtualization is that VM Guests are portable. When a VM Host Server needs to go down for maintenance, or when the host gets overloaded, the guests can easily be moved to another VM Host Server. KVM and Xen even support live migrations during which the VM Guest is constantly available.

9.7.1 Migration Requirements

To successfully migrate a VM Guest to another VM Host Server, the following requirements need to be met:

  • It is recommended that the source and destination systems have the same architecture. However, it is possible to migrate between hosts with AMD* and Intel* architectures.

  • Storage devices must be accessible from both machines (for example, via NFS or iSCSI) and must be configured as a storage pool on both machines. For more information, see Chapter 11, Managing Storage.

    This is also true for CD-ROM or floppy images that are connected during the move. However, you can disconnect them prior to the move as described in Section 13.8, “Ejecting and Changing Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM Media with Virtual Machine Manager”.

  • libvirtd needs to run on both VM Host Servers and you must be able to open a remote libvirt connection between the target and the source host (or vice versa). Refer to Section 10.3, “Configuring Remote Connections” for details.

  • If a firewall is running on the target host, ports need to be opened to allow the migration. If you do not specify a port during the migration process, libvirt chooses one from the range 49152:49215. Make sure that either this range (recommended) or a dedicated port of your choice is opened in the firewall on the target host.

  • Host and target machine should be in the same subnet on the network, otherwise networking will not work after the migration.

  • No running or paused VM Guest with the same name must exist on the target host. If a shut-down machine with the same name exists, its configuration will be overwritten.

  • All CPU models except host cpu model are supported when migrating VM Guests.

  • SATA disk device type is not migratable.

  • File system pass-through feature is incompatible with migration.

  • The VM Host Server and VM Guest need to have proper timekeeping installed. See Chapter 15, VM Guest Clock Settings.

  • Section 28.3.1.2, “virtio-blk-data-plane” is not supported for migration.

  • No physical devices can be passed from host to guest. Live migration is currently not supported when using devices with PCI pass-through or SR-IOV. In case live migration needs to be supported, you need to use software virtualization (paravirtualization or full virtualization).

  • Cache mode setting is an important setting for migration. See: Section 14.5, “Effect of Cache Modes on Live Migration”.

  • The image directory should be located in the same path on both hosts.

9.7.2 Migrating with Virtual Machine Manager

When using the Virtual Machine Manager to migrate VM Guests, it does not matter on which machine it is started. You can start Virtual Machine Manager on the source or the target host or even on a third host. In the latter case you need to be able to open remote connections to both the target and the source host.

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager and establish a connection to the target or the source host. If the Virtual Machine Manager was started neither on the target nor the source host, connections to both hosts need to be opened.

  2. Right-click the VM Guest that you want to migrate and choose Migrate. Make sure the guest is running or paused—it is not possible to migrate guests that are shut down.

    Tip
    Tip: Increasing the Speed of the Migration

    To increase the speed of the migration somewhat, pause the VM Guest. This is the equivalent of the former so-called offline migration option of Virtual Machine Manager.

  3. Choose a New Host for the VM Guest. If the desired target host does not show up, make sure that you are connected to the host.

    To change the default options for connecting to the remote host, under Connection, set the Mode, and the target host's Address (IP address or host name) and Port. If you specify a Port, you must also specify an Address.

    Under Advanced options, choose whether the move should be permanent (default) or temporary, using Temporary move.

    Additionally, there is the option Allow unsafe, which allows migrating without disabling the cache of the VM Host Server. This can speed up the migration but only works when the current configuration allows for a consistent view of the VM Guest storage without using cache="none"/0_DIRECT.

    Note
    Note: Bandwidth Option

    In recent versions of Virtual Machine Manager, the option of setting a bandwidth for the migration has been removed. To set a specific bandwidth, use virsh instead.

  4. To perform the migration, click Migrate.

    When the migration is complete, the Migrate window closes and the VM Guest is now listed on the new host in the Virtual Machine Manager window. The original VM Guest will still be available on the target host (in shut down state).

9.7.3 Migrating with virsh

To migrate a VM Guest with virsh migrate, you need to have direct or remote shell access to the VM Host Server, because the command needs to be run on the host. The migration command looks like this:

virsh migrate [OPTIONS] VM_ID_or_NAME CONNECTION_URI [--migrateuri tcp://REMOTE_HOST:PORT]

The most important options are listed below. See virsh help migrate for a full list.

--live

Does a live migration. If not specified, the guest will be paused during the migration (offline migration).

--suspend

Does an offline migration and does not restart the VM Guest on the target host.

--persistent

By default a migrated VM Guest will be migrated temporarily, so its configuration is automatically deleted on the target host if it is shut down. Use this switch to make the migration persistent.

--undefinesource

When specified, the VM Guest definition on the source host will be deleted after a successful migration (however, virtual disks attached to this guest will not be deleted).

The following examples use mercury.example.com as the source system and jupiter.example.com as the target system; the VM Guest's name is opensuse131 with Id 37.

Offline migration with default parameters
virsh migrate 37 qemu+ssh://tux@jupiter.example.com/system
Transient live migration with default parameters
virsh migrate --live opensuse131 qemu+ssh://tux@jupiter.example.com/system
Persistent live migration; delete VM definition on source
virsh migrate --live --persistent --undefinesource 37 \
qemu+tls://tux@jupiter.example.com/system
Offline migration using port 49152
virsh migrate opensuse131 qemu+ssh://tux@jupiter.example.com/system \
--migrateuri tcp://@jupiter.example.com:49152
Note
Note: Transient Compared to Persistent Migrations

By default virsh migrate creates a temporary (transient) copy of the VM Guest on the target host. A shut down version of the original guest description remains on the source host. A transient copy will be deleted from the server after it is shut down.

To create a permanent copy of a guest on the target host, use the switch --persistent. A shut down version of the original guest description remains on the source host, too. Use the option --undefinesource together with --persistent for a real move where a permanent copy is created on the target host and the version on the source host is deleted.

It is not recommended to use --undefinesource without the --persistent option, since this will result in the loss of both VM Guest definitions when the guest is shut down on the target host.

9.7.4 Step-by-Step Example

9.7.4.1 Exporting the Storage

First you need to export the storage, to share the Guest image between host. This can be done by an NFS server. In the following example we want to share the /volume1/VM directory for all machines that are on the network 10.0.1.0/24. We will use a SUSE Linux Enterprise NFS server. As root user, edit the /etc/exports file and add:

/volume1/VM 10.0.1.0/24  (rw,sync,no_root_squash)

You need to restart the NFS server:

root # systemctl restart nfsserver
root # exportfs
/volume1/VM      10.0.1.0/24

9.7.4.2 Defining the Pool on the Target Hosts

On each host where you want to migrate the VM Guest, the pool must be defined to be able to access the volume (that contains the Guest image). Our NFS server IP address is 10.0.1.99, its share is the /volume1/VM directory, and we want to get it mounted in the /var/lib/libvirt/images/VM directory. The pool name will be VM. To define this pool, create a VM.xml file with the following content:

<pool type='netfs'>
  <name>VM</name>
  <source>
    <host name='10.0.1.99'/>
    <dir path='/volume1/VM'/>
    <format type='auto'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/var/lib/libvirt/images/VM</path>
    <permissions>
      <mode>0755</mode>
      <owner>-1</owner>
      <group>-1</group>
    </permissions>
  </target>
  </pool>

Then load it into libvirt using the pool-define command:

root # virsh pool-define VM.xml

An alternative way to define this pool is to use the virsh command:

root # virsh pool-define-as VM --type netfs --source-host 10.0.1.99 \
     --source-path /volume1/VM --target /var/lib/libvirt/images/VM
Pool VM created

The following commands assume that you are in the interactive shell of virsh which can also be reached by using the command virsh without any arguments. Then the pool can be set to start automatically at host boot (autostart option):

virsh # pool-autostart VM
Pool VM marked as autostarted

If you want to disable the autostart:

virsh # pool-autostart VM --disable
Pool VM unmarked as autostarted

Check if the pool is present:

virsh # pool-list --all
 Name                 State      Autostart
-------------------------------------------
 default              active     yes
 VM                   active     yes

virsh # pool-info VM
Name:           VM
UUID:           42efe1b3-7eaa-4e24-a06a-ba7c9ee29741
State:          running
Persistent:     yes
Autostart:      yes
Capacity:       2,68 TiB
Allocation:     2,38 TiB
Available:      306,05 GiB
Warning
Warning: Pool Needs to Exist on All Target Hosts

Remember: this pool must be defined on each host where you want to be able to migrate your VM Guest.

9.7.4.3 Creating the Volume

The pool has been defined—now we need a volume which will contain the disk image:

virsh # vol-create-as VM sled12.qcow12 8G --format qcow2
Vol sled12.qcow12 created

The volume names shown will be used later to install the guest with virt-install.

9.7.4.4 Creating the VM Guest

Let's create a openSUSE Leap VM Guest with the virt-install command. The VM pool will be specified with the --disk option, cache=none is recommended if you do not want to use the --unsafe option while doing the migration.

root # virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm --name \
   sled12 --memory 1024 --disk vol=VM/sled12.qcow2,cache=none --cdrom \
   /mnt/install/ISO/SLE-12-Desktop-DVD-x86_64-Build0327-Media1.iso --graphics \
   vnc --os-variant sled12
Starting install...
Creating domain...

9.7.4.5 Migrate the VM Guest

Everything is ready to do the migration now. Run the migrate command on the VM Host Server that is currently hosting the VM Guest, and choose the destination.

virsh # migrate --live sled12 --verbose qemu+ssh://IP/Hostname/system
Password:
Migration: [ 12 %]

9.8 Monitoring

9.8.1 Monitoring with Virtual Machine Manager

After starting Virtual Machine Manager and connecting to the VM Host Server, a CPU usage graph of all the running guests is displayed.

It is also possible to get information about disk and network usage with this tool, however, you must first activate this in Preferences:

  1. Run virt-manager.

  2. Select Edit › Preferences.

  3. Change the tab from General to Polling.

  4. Activate the check boxes for the kind of activity you want to see: Poll Disk I/O, Poll Network I/O, and Poll Memory stats.

  5. If desired, also change the update interval using Update status every n seconds.

  6. Close the Preferences dialog.

  7. Activate the graphs that should be displayed under View › Graph.

Afterward, the disk and network statistics are also displayed in the main window of the Virtual Machine Manager.

More precise data is available from the VNC window. Open a VNC window as described in Section 9.2.1, “Opening a Graphical Console”. Choose Details from the toolbar or the View menu. The statistics are displayed from the Performance entry of the left-hand tree menu.

9.8.2 Monitoring with virt-top

virt-top is a command line tool similar to the well-known process monitoring tool top. virt-top uses libvirt and therefore is capable of showing statistics for VM Guests running on different hypervisors. It is recommended to use virt-top instead of hypervisor-specific tools like xentop.

By default virt-top shows statistics for all running VM Guests. Among the data that is displayed is the percentage of memory used (%MEM) and CPU (%CPU) and the uptime of the guest (TIME). The data is updated regularly (every three seconds by default). The following shows the output on a VM Host Server with seven VM Guests, four of them inactive:

virt-top 13:40:19 - x86_64 8/8CPU 1283MHz 16067MB 7.6% 0.5%
7 domains, 3 active, 3 running, 0 sleeping, 0 paused, 4 inactive D:0 O:0 X:0
CPU: 6.1%  Mem: 3072 MB (3072 MB by guests)

   ID S RDRQ WRRQ RXBY TXBY %CPU %MEM    TIME   NAME
    7 R  123    1  18K  196  5.8  6.0   0:24.35 sled12_sp1
    6 R    1    0  18K    0  0.2  6.0   0:42.51 sles12_sp1
    5 R    0    0  18K    0  0.1  6.0  85:45.67 opensuse_leap
    -                                           (Ubuntu_1410)
    -                                           (debian_780)
    -                                           (fedora_21)
    -                                           (sles11sp3)

By default the output is sorted by ID. Use the following key combinations to change the sort field:

ShiftP: CPU usage
ShiftM: Total memory allocated by the guest
ShiftT: Time
ShiftI: ID

To use any other field for sorting, press ShiftF and select a field from the list. To toggle the sort order, use ShiftR.

virt-top also supports different views on the VM Guests data, which can be changed on-the-fly by pressing the following keys:

0: default view
1: show physical CPUs
2: show network interfaces
3: show virtual disks

virt-top supports more hot keys to change the view of the data and many command line switches that affect the behavior of the program. For more information, see man 1 virt-top.

9.8.3 Monitoring with kvm_stat

kvm_stat can be used to trace KVM performance events. It monitors /sys/kernel/debug/kvm, so it needs the debugfs to be mounted. On openSUSE Leap it should be mounted by default. In case it is not mounted, use the following command:

mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug

kvm_stat can be used in three different modes:

kvm_stat                    # update in 1 second intervals
kvm_stat -1                 # 1 second snapshot
kvm_stat -l > kvmstats.log  # update in 1 second intervals in log format
                            # can be imported to a spreadsheet
Example 9.1: Typical Output of kvm_stat
kvm statistics

 efer_reload                  0       0
 exits                 11378946  218130
 fpu_reload               62144     152
 halt_exits              414866     100
 halt_wakeup             260358      50
 host_state_reload       539650     249
 hypercalls                   0       0
 insn_emulation         6227331  173067
 insn_emulation_fail          0       0
 invlpg                  227281      47
 io_exits                113148      18
 irq_exits               168474     127
 irq_injections          482804     123
 irq_window               51270      18
 largepages                   0       0
 mmio_exits                6925       0
 mmu_cache_miss           71820      19
 mmu_flooded              35420       9
 mmu_pde_zapped           64763      20
 mmu_pte_updated              0       0
 mmu_pte_write           213782      29
 mmu_recycled                 0       0
 mmu_shadow_zapped       128690      17
 mmu_unsync                  46      -1
 nmi_injections               0       0
 nmi_window                   0       0
 pf_fixed               1553821     857
 pf_guest               1018832     562
 remote_tlb_flush        174007      37
 request_irq                  0       0
 signal_exits                 0       0
 tlb_flush               394182     148

See http://clalance.blogspot.com/2009/01/kvm-performance-tools.html for further information on how to interpret these values.

10 Connecting and Authorizing

Managing several VM Host Servers, each hosting multiple VM Guests, quickly becomes difficult. One benefit of libvirt is the ability to connect to several VM Host Servers at once, providing a single interface to manage all VM Guests and to connect to their graphical console.

To ensure only authorized users can connect, libvirt offers several connection types (via TLS, SSH, Unix sockets, and TCP) that can be combined with different authorization mechanisms (socket, PolKit, SASL and Kerberos).

10.1 Authentication

The power to manage VM Guests and to access their graphical console is something that should be restricted to a well defined circle of persons. To achieve this goal, you can use the following authentication techniques on the VM Host Server:

  • Access control for Unix sockets with permissions and group ownership. This method is available for libvirtd connections only.

  • Access control for Unix sockets with PolKit. This method is available for local libvirtd connections only.

  • User name and password authentication with SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer). This method is available for both, libvirtd and VNC connections. Using SASL does not require real user accounts on the server, since it uses its own database to store user names and passwords. Connections authenticated with SASL are encrypted.

  • Kerberos authentication. This method, available for libvirtd connections only, is not covered in this manual. Refer to http://libvirt.org/auth.html#ACL_server_kerberos for details.

  • Single password authentication. This method is available for VNC connections only.

Important
Important: Authentication for libvirtd and VNC need to be configured separately

Access to the VM Guest's management functions (via libvirtd) on the one hand, and to its graphical console on the other hand, always needs to be configured separately. When restricting access to the management tools, these restrictions do not automatically apply to VNC connections!

When accessing VM Guests from remote via TLS/SSL connections, access can be indirectly controlled on each client by restricting read permissions to the certificate's key file to a certain group. See Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)” for details.

10.1.1 libvirtd Authentication

libvirtd authentication is configured in /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf. The configuration made here applies to all libvirt tools such as the Virtual Machine Manager or virsh.

libvirt offers two sockets: a read-only socket for monitoring purposes and a read-write socket to be used for management operations. Access to both sockets can be configured independently. By default, both sockets are owned by root.root. Default access permissions on the read-write socket are restricted to the user root (0700) and fully open on the read-only socket (0777).

In the following instructions, you will learn how to configure access permissions for the read-write socket. The same instructions also apply to the read-only socket. All configuration steps need to be carried out on the VM Host Server.

Note
Note: Default Authentication Settings on openSUSE Leap

The default authentication method on openSUSE Leap is access control for Unix sockets. Only the user root may authenticate. When accessing the libvirt tools as a non-root user directly on the VM Host Server, you need to provide the root password through PolKit once. You are then granted access for the current and for future sessions.

Alternatively, you can configure libvirt to allow system access to non-privileged users. See Section 10.2.1, “system Access for Non-Privileged Users” for details.

10.1.1.1 Access Control for Unix Sockets with Permissions and Group Ownership

To grant access for non-root accounts, configure the sockets to be owned and accessible by a certain group (libvirt in the following example). This authentication method can be used for local and remote SSH connections.

  1. In case it does not exist, create the group that should own the socket:

    groupadd libvirt
    Important
    Important: Group Needs to Exist

    The group must exist prior to restarting libvirtd. If not, the restart will fail.

  2. Add the desired users to the group:

    usermod --append --groups libvirt tux
  3. Change the configuration in /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf as follows:

    unix_sock_group = "libvirt"1
    unix_sock_rw_perms = "0770"2
    auth_unix_rw = "none"3

    1

    Group ownership will be set to group libvirt.

    2

    Sets the access permissions for the socket (srwxrwx---).

    3

    Disables other authentication methods (PolKit or SASL). Access is solely controlled by the socket permissions.

  4. Restart libvirtd:

    systemctl start libvirtd

10.1.1.2 Local Access Control for Unix Sockets with PolKit

Access control for Unix sockets with PolKit is the default authentication method on openSUSE Leap for non-remote connections. Therefore, no libvirt configuration changes are needed. With PolKit authorization enabled, permissions on both sockets default to 0777 and each application trying to access a socket needs to authenticate via PolKit.

Important
Important: PolKit Authentication for Local Connections Only

Authentication with PolKit can only be used for local connections on the VM Host Server itself, since PolKit does not handle remote authentication.

Two policies for accessing libvirt's sockets exist:

  • org.libvirt.unix.monitor: accessing the read-only socket

  • org.libvirt.unix.manage: accessing the read-write socket

By default, the policy for accessing the read-write socket is to authenticate with the root password once and grant the privilege for the current and for future sessions.

To grant users access to a socket without having to provide the root password, you need to create a rule in /etc/polkit-1/rules.d. Create the file /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/10-grant-libvirt with the following content to grant access to the read-write socket to all members of the group libvirt:

polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
  if (action.id == "org.libvirt.unix.manage" && subject.isInGroup("libvirt")) {
    return polkit.Result.YES;
  }
});

10.1.1.3 User name and Password Authentication with SASL

SASL provides user name and password authentication and data encryption (digest-md5, by default). Since SASL maintains its own user database, the users do not need to exist on the VM Host Server. SASL is required by TCP connections and on top of TLS/SSL connections.

Important
Important: Plain TCP and SASL with digest-md5 Encryption

Using digest-md5 encryption on an otherwise not encrypted TCP connection does not provide enough security for production environments. It is recommended to only use it in testing environments.

Tip
Tip: SASL Authentication on Top of TLS/SSL

Access from remote TLS/SSL connections can be indirectly controlled on the client side by restricting access to the certificate's key file. However, this might prove error-prone when dealing with many clients. Using SASL with TLS adds security by additionally controlling access on the server side.

To configure SASL authentication, proceed as follows:

  1. Change the configuration in /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf as follows:

    1. To enable SASL for TCP connections:

      auth_tcp = "sasl"
    2. To enable SASL for TLS/SSL connections:

      auth_tls = "sasl"
  2. Restart libvirtd:

    systemctl restart libvirtd
  3. The libvirt SASL configuration file is located at /etc/sasl2/libvirtd.conf. Normally, there is no need to change the defaults. However, if using SASL on top of TLS, you may turn off session encryption to avoid additional overhead (TLS connections are already encrypted) by commenting the line setting the mech_list parameter. Only do this for TLS/SASL, for TCP connections this parameter must be set to digest-md5.

    #mech_list: digest-md5
  4. By default, no SASL users are configured, so no logins are possible. Use the following commands to manage users:

    Add the user tux
    saslpasswd2 -a libvirt tux
    Delete the user tux
    saslpasswd2 -a libvirt -d tux
    List existing users
    sasldblistusers2 -f /etc/libvirt/passwd.db
Tip
Tip: virsh and SASL Authentication

When using SASL authentication, you will be prompted for a user name and password every time you issue a virsh command. Avoid this by using virsh in shell mode.

10.1.2 VNC Authentication

Since access to the graphical console of a VM Guest is not controlled by libvirt, but rather by the specific hypervisor, it is always necessary to additionally configure VNC authentication. The main configuration file is /etc/libvirt/<hypervisor>.conf. This section describes the QEMU/KVM hypervisor, so the target configuration file is /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf.

Note
Note: VNC Authentication for Xen

In contrast to KVM and LXC, Xen does not yet offer more sophisticated VNC authentication than setting a password on a per VM basis. See the <graphics type='vnc'... libvirt configuration option below.

Two authentication types are available: SASL and single password authentication. If you are using SASL for libvirt authentication, it is strongly recommended to use it for VNC authentication as well—it is possible to share the same database.

A third method to restrict access to the VM Guest is to enable the use of TLS encryption on the VNC server. This requires the VNC clients to have access to x509 client certificates. By restricting access to these certificates, access can indirectly be controlled on the client side. Refer to Section 10.3.2.4.2, “VNC over TLS/SSL: Client Configuration” for details.

10.1.2.1 User name and Password Authentication with SASL

SASL provides user name and password authentication and data encryption. Since SASL maintains its own user database, the users do not need to exist on the VM Host Server. As with SASL authentication for libvirt, you may use SASL on top of TLS/SSL connections. Refer to Section 10.3.2.4.2, “VNC over TLS/SSL: Client Configuration” for details on configuring these connections.

To configure SASL authentication for VNC, proceed as follows:

  1. Create a SASL configuration file. It is recommended to use the existing libvirt file. If you have already configured SASL for libvirt and are planning to use the same settings including the same user name and password database, a simple link is suitable:

    ln -s /etc/sasl2/libvirt.conf /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf

    If are setting up SASL for VNC only or you are planning to use a different configuration than for libvirt, copy the existing file to use as a template:

    cp /etc/sasl2/libvirt.conf /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf

    Then edit it according to your needs.

  2. Change the configuration in /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf as follows:

    vnc_listen = "0.0.0.0"
    vnc_sasl = 1
    sasldb_path: /etc/libvirt/qemu_passwd.db

    The first parameter enables VNC to listen on all public interfaces (rather than to the local host only), and the second parameter enables SASL authentication.

  3. By default, no SASL users are configured, so no logins are possible. Use the following commands to manage users:

    Add the user tux
    saslpasswd2 -f /etc/libvirt/qemu_passwd.db -a qemu tux
    Delete the user tux
    saslpasswd2 -f /etc/libvirt/qemu_passwd.db -a qemu -d tux
    List existing users
    sasldblistusers2 -f /etc/libvirt/qemu_passwd.db
  4. Restart libvirtd:

    systemctl restart libvirtd
  5. Restart all VM Guests that have been running prior to changing the configuration. VM Guests that have not been restarted will not use SASL authentication for VNC connects.

Note
Note: Supported VNC Viewers

SASL authentication is currently supported by Virtual Machine Manager and virt-viewer. Both of these viewers also support TLS/SSL connections.

10.1.2.2 Single Password Authentication

Access to the VNC server may also be controlled by setting a VNC password. You can either set a global password for all VM Guests or set individual passwords for each guest. The latter requires to edit the VM Guest's configuration files.

Note
Note: Always Set a Global Password

If you are using single password authentication, it is good practice to set a global password even if setting passwords for each VM Guest. This will always leave your virtual machines protected with a fallback password if you forget to set a per-machine password. The global password will only be used if no other password is set for the machine.

Procedure 10.1: Setting a Global VNC Password
  1. Change the configuration in /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf as follows:

    vnc_listen = "0.0.0.0"
    vnc_password = "PASSWORD"

    The first parameter enables VNC to listen on all public interfaces (rather than to the local host only), and the second parameter sets the password. The maximum length of the password is eight characters.

  2. Restart libvirtd:

    root # systemctl restart libvirtd
  3. Restart all VM Guests that have been running prior to changing the configuration. VM Guests that have not been restarted will not use password authentication for VNC connects.

Procedure 10.2: Setting a VM Guest Specific VNC Password
  1. Change the configuration in /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf as follows to enable VNC to listen on all public interfaces (rather than to the local host only).

    vnc_listen = "0.0.0.0"
  2. Open the VM Guest's XML configuration file in an editor. Replace VM NAME in the following example with the name of the VM Guest. The editor that is used defaults to $EDITOR. If that variable is not set, vi is used.

    virsh edit VM NAME
  3. Search for the element <graphics> with the attribute type='vnc', for example:

    <graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport='yes'/>
  4. Add the passwd=PASSWORD attribute, save the file and exit the editor. The maximum length of the password is eight characters.

    <graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport='yes' passwd='PASSWORD'/>
  5. Restart libvirtd:

    root # systemctl restart libvirtd
  6. Restart all VM Guests that have been running prior to changing the configuration. VM Guests that have not been restarted will not use password authentication for VNC connects.

Warning
Warning: Security of the VNC Protocol

The VNC protocol is not considered to be safe. Although the password is sent encrypted, it might be vulnerable when an attacker can sniff both the encrypted password and the encryption key. Therefore, it is recommended to use VNC with TLS/SSL or tunneled over SSH. virt-viewer, Virtual Machine Manager and vinagre from version 2.30 onward support both methods.

10.2 Connecting to a VM Host Server

To connect to a hypervisor with libvirt, you need to specify a uniform resource identifier (URI). This URI is needed with virsh and virt-viewer (except when working as root on the VM Host Server) and is optional for the Virtual Machine Manager. Although the latter can be called with a connection parameter (for example, virt-manager -c qemu:///system), it also offers a graphical interface to create connection URIs. See Section 10.2.2, “Managing Connections with Virtual Machine Manager” for details.

HYPERVISOR1+PROTOCOL2://USER@REMOTE3/CONNECTION_TYPE4

1

Specify the hypervisor. openSUSE Leap currently supports the following hypervisors: test (dummy for testing), qemu (KVM), and xen (Xen). This parameter is mandatory.

2

When connecting to a remote host, specify the protocol here. It can be one of: ssh (connection via SSH tunnel), tcp (TCP connection with SASL/Kerberos authentication), tls (TLS/SSL encrypted connection with authentication via x509 certificates).

3

When connecting to a remote host, specify the user name and the remote host name. If no user name is specified, the user name that has called the command ($USER) is used. See below for more information. For TLS connections, the host name needs to be specified exactly as in the x509 certificate.

4

When connecting to the QEMU/KVM hypervisor, two connection types are accepted: system for full access rights, or session for restricted access. Since session access is not supported on openSUSE Leap, this documentation focuses on system access.

Example Hypervisor Connection URIs
test:///default

Connect to the local dummy hypervisor. Useful for testing.

qemu:///system or xen:///system

Connect to the QEMU/Xen hypervisor on the local host having full access (type system).

qemu+ssh://tux@mercury.example.com/system or xen+ssh://tux@mercury.example.com/system

Connect to the QEMU/Xen hypervisor on the remote host mercury.example.com. The connection is established via an SSH tunnel.

qemu+tls://saturn.example.com/system or xen+tls://saturn.example.com/system

Connect to the QEMU/Xen hypervisor on the remote host mercury.example.com. The connection is established using TLS/SSL.

For more details and examples, refer to the libvirt documentation at http://libvirt.org/uri.html.

Note
Note: User Names in URIs

A user name needs to be specified when using Unix socket authentication (regardless of whether using the user/password authentication scheme or PolKit). This applies to all SSH and local connections.

There is no need to specify a user name when using SASL authentication (for TCP or TLS connections) or when doing no additional server-side authentication for TLS connections. With SASL the user name will not be evaluated—you will be prompted for an SASL user/password combination in any case.

10.2.1 system Access for Non-Privileged Users

As mentioned above, a connection to the QEMU hypervisor can be established using two different protocols: session and system. A session connection is spawned with the same privileges as the client program. Such a connection is intended for desktop virtualization, since it is restricted (for example no USB/PCI device assignments, no virtual network setup, limited remote access to libvirtd).

The system connection intended for server virtualization has no functional restrictions but is, by default, only accessible by root. However, with the addition of the DAC (Discretionary Access Control) driver to libvirt it is now possible to grant non-privileged users system access. To grant system access to the user tux, proceed as follows:

Procedure 10.3: Granting system Access to a Regular User
  1. Enable access via Unix sockets as described in Section 10.1.1.1, “Access Control for Unix Sockets with Permissions and Group Ownership”. In that example access to libvirt is granted to all members of the group libvirt and tux made a member of this group. This ensures that tux can connect using virsh or Virtual Machine Manager.

  2. Edit /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf and change the configuration as follows:

    user = "tux"
    group = "libvirt"
    dynamic_ownership = 1

    This ensures that the VM Guests are started by tux and that resources bound to the guest (for example virtual disks) can be accessed and modified by tux.

  3. Make tux a member of the group kvm:

    usermod --append --groups kvm tux

    This step is needed to grant access to /dev/kvm, which is required to start VM Guests.

  4. Restart libvirtd:

    root # systemctl restart libvirtd

10.2.2 Managing Connections with Virtual Machine Manager

The Virtual Machine Manager uses a Connection for every VM Host Server it manages. Each connection contains all VM Guests on the respective host. By default, a connection to the local host is already configured and connected.

All configured connections are displayed in the Virtual Machine Manager main window. Active connections are marked with a small triangle, which you can click to fold or unfold the list of VM Guests for this connection.

Inactive connections are listed gray and are marked with Not Connected. Either double-click or right-click it and choose Connect from the context menu. You can also Delete an existing connection from this menu.

Note
Note: Editing Existing Connections

It is not possible to edit an existing connection. To change a connection, create a new one with the desired parameters and delete the old one.

To add a new connection in the Virtual Machine Manager, proceed as follows:

  1. Choose File › Add Connection

  2. Choose the host's Hypervisor (Xen or QEMU/KVM)

  3. (Optional) To set up a remote connection, choose Connect to remote host. For more information, see Section 10.3, “Configuring Remote Connections”.

    In case of a remote connection, specify the Hostname of the remote machine in the format USERNAME@REMOTE _HOST.

    Important
    Important: Specifying a User Name

    There is no need to specify a user name for TCP and TLS connections: In these cases, it will not be evaluated. However, in the case of SSH connections, specifying a user name is necessary when you want to connect as a user other than root.

  4. If you do not want the connection to be automatically started when starting the Virtual Machine Manager, deactivate Autoconnect.

  5. Finish the configuration by clicking Connect.

10.3 Configuring Remote Connections

A major benefit of libvirt is the ability to manage VM Guests on different remote hosts from a central location. This section gives detailed instructions on how to configure server and client to allow remote connections.

10.3.1 Remote Tunnel over SSH (qemu+ssh or xen+ssh)

Enabling a remote connection that is tunneled over SSH on the VM Host Server only requires the ability to accept SSH connections. Make sure the SSH daemon is started (systemctl status sshd) and that the ports for service SSH are opened in the firewall.

User authentication for SSH connections can be done using traditional file user/group ownership and permissions as described in Section 10.1.1.1, “Access Control for Unix Sockets with Permissions and Group Ownership”. Connecting as user tux (qemu+ssh://tuxsIVname;/system or xen+ssh://tuxsIVname;/system) works out of the box and does not require additional configuration on the libvirt side.

When connecting via SSH qemu+ssh://USER@SYSTEM or xen+ssh://USER@SYSTEM you need to provide the password for USER. This can be avoided by copying your public key to ~USER/.ssh/authorized_keys on the VM Host Server as explained in Book “Security Guide”, Chapter 14 “SSH: Secure Network Operations”, Section 14.5.2 “Copying an SSH Key”. Using an ssh-agent on the machine from which you are connecting adds even more convenience. For more information, see Book “Security Guide”, Chapter 14 “SSH: Secure Network Operations”, Section 14.5.3 “Using the ssh-agent.

10.3.2 Remote TLS/SSL Connection with x509 Certificate (qemu+tls or xen+tls)

Using TCP connections with TLS/SSL encryption and authentication via x509 certificates is much more complicated to set up than SSH, but it is a lot more scalable. Use this method if you need to manage several VM Host Servers with a varying number of administrators.

10.3.2.1 Basic Concept

TLS (Transport Layer Security) encrypts the communication between two computers by using certificates. The computer starting the connection is always considered the client, using a client certificate, while the receiving computer is always considered the server, using a server certificate. This scenario applies, for example, if you manage your VM Host Servers from a central desktop.

If connections are initiated from both computers, each needs to have a client and a server certificate. This is the case, for example, if you migrate a VM Guest from one host to another.

Each x509 certificate has a matching private key file. Only the combination of certificate and private key file can identify itself correctly. To assure that a certificate was issued by the assumed owner, it is signed and issued by a central certificate called certificate authority (CA). Both the client and the server certificates must be issued by the same CA.

Important
Important: User Authentication

Using a remote TLS/SSL connection only ensures that two computers are allowed to communicate in a certain direction. Restricting access to certain users can indirectly be achieved on the client side by restricting access to the certificates. For more information, see Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)”.

libvirt also supports user authentication on the server with SASL. For more information, see Section 10.3.2.6, “Central User Authentication with SASL for TLS Sockets”.

10.3.2.2 Configuring the VM Host Server

The VM Host Server is the machine receiving connections. Therefore, the server certificates need to be installed. The CA certificate needs to be installed, too. When the certificates are in place, TLS support can be turned on for libvirt.

  1. Create the server certificate and export it together with the CA certificate as described in Section A.1, “Generating x509 Client/Server Certificates”.

  2. Create the following directories on the VM Host Server:

    mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA/ /etc/pki/libvirt/private/

    Install the certificates as follows:

    /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
    /etc/pki/libvirt/servercert.pem
    /etc/pki/libvirt/private/serverkey.pem
    Important
    Important: Restrict Access to Certificates

    Make sure to restrict access to certificates as explained in Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)”.

  3. Enable TLS support by editing /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf and setting listen_tls = 1. Restart libvirtd:

    root # systemctl restart libvirtd
  4. By default, libvirt uses the TCP port 16514 for accepting secure TLS connections. Open this port in the firewall.

Important
Important: Restarting libvirtd with TLS enabled

If you enable TLS for libvirt, the server certificates need to be in place, otherwise restarting libvirtd will fail. You also need to restart libvirtd in case you change the certificates.

10.3.2.3 Configuring the Client and Testing the Setup

The client is the machine initiating connections. Therefore the client certificates need to be installed. The CA certificate needs to be installed, too.

  1. Create the client certificate and export it together with the CA certificate as described in Section A.1, “Generating x509 Client/Server Certificates”.

  2. Create the following directories on the client:

    mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA/ /etc/pki/libvirt/private/

    Install the certificates as follows:

    /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
    /etc/pki/libvirt/clientcert.pem
    /etc/pki/libvirt/private/clientkey.pem
    Important
    Important: Restrict Access to Certificates

    Make sure to restrict access to certificates as explained in Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)”.

  3. Test the client/server setup by issuing the following command. Replace mercury.example.com with the name of your VM Host Server. Specify the same fully qualified host name as used when creating the server certificate.

    #QEMU/KVM
    virsh -c qemu+tls://mercury.example.com/system list --all
    
    #Xen
    virsh -c xen+tls://mercury.example.com/system list --all

    If your setup is correct, you will see a list of all VM Guests registered with libvirt on the VM Host Server.

10.3.2.4 Enabling VNC for TLS/SSL connections

Currently, VNC communication over TLS is only supported by a few tools. Common VNC viewers such as tightvnc or tigervnc do not support TLS/SSL. The only supported alternative to Virtual Machine Manager and virt-viewer is vinagre.

10.3.2.4.1 VNC over TLS/SSL: VM Host Server Configuration

To access the graphical console via VNC over TLS/SSL, you need to configure the VM Host Server as follows:

  1. Open ports for the service VNC in your firewall.

  2. Create a directory /etc/pki/libvirt-vnc and link the certificates into this directory as follows:

    mkdir -p /etc/pki/libvirt-vnc && cd /etc/pki/libvirt-vnc
            ln -s /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem ca-cert.pem
            ln -s /etc/pki/libvirt/servercert.pem server-cert.pem
            ln -s /etc/pki/libvirt/private/serverkey.pem server-key.pem
  3. Edit /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf and set the following parameters:

    vnc_listen = "0.0.0.0"
            vnc_tls = 1
            vnc_tls_x509_verify = 1
  4. Restart the libvirtd:

    root # systemctl restart libvirtd
    Important
    Important: VM Guests Need to be Restarted

    The VNC TLS setting is only set when starting a VM Guest. Therefore, you need to restart all machines that have been running prior to making the configuration change.

10.3.2.4.2 VNC over TLS/SSL: Client Configuration

The only action needed on the client side is to place the x509 client certificates in a location recognized by the client of choice. Unfortunately, each supported client—Virtual Machine Manager, virt-viewer, and vinagre—expects the certificates in a different location. However, Virtual Machine Manager and vinagre can either read from a system-wide location applying to all users, or from a per-user location.

Virtual Machine Manager (virt-manager)

To connect to the remote host, Virtual Machine Manager requires the setup explained in Section 10.3.2.3, “Configuring the Client and Testing the Setup”. To be able to connect via VNC, the client certificates also need to be placed in the following locations:

System-wide location
/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/clientcert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/private/clientkey.pem
Per-user location
/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
~/.pki/libvirt-vnc/clientcert.pem
~/.pki/libvirt-vnc/private/clientkey.pem
virt-viewer

virt-viewer only accepts certificates from a system-wide location:

/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/clientcert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/private/clientkey.pem
Important
Important: Restrict Access to Certificates

Make sure to restrict access to certificates as explained in Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)”.

10.3.2.5 Restricting Access (Security Considerations)

Each x509 certificate consists of two pieces: the public certificate and a private key. A client can only authenticate using both pieces. Therefore, any user that has read access to the client certificate and its private key can access your VM Host Server. On the other hand, an arbitrary machine equipped with the full server certificate can pretend to be the VM Host Server. Since this is probably not desirable, access to at least the private key files needs to be restricted as much as possible. The easiest way to control access to a key file is to use access permissions.

Server Certificates

Server certificates need to be readable for QEMU processes. On openSUSE Leap QEMU, processes started from libvirt tools are owned by root, so it is sufficient if the root can read the certificates:

chmod 700 /etc/pki/libvirt/private/
chmod 600 /etc/pki/libvirt/private/serverkey.pem

If you change the ownership for QEMU processes in /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf, you also need to adjust the ownership of the key file.

System Wide Client Certificates

To control access to a key file that is available system-wide, restrict read access to a certain group, so that only members of that group can read the key file. In the following example, a group libvirt is created, and group ownership of the clientkey.pem file and its parent directory is set to libvirt. Afterward, the access permissions are restricted to owner and group. Finally the user tux is added to the group libvirt, and thus can access the key file.

CERTPATH="/etc/pki/libvirt/"
# create group libvirt
groupadd libvirt
# change ownership to user root and group libvirt
chown root.libvirt $CERTPATH/private $CERTPATH/clientkey.pem
# restrict permissions
chmod 750 $CERTPATH/private
chmod 640 $CERTPATH/private/clientkey.pem
# add user tux to group libvirt
usermod --append --groups libvirt tux
Per-User Certificates

User-specific client certificates for accessing the graphical console of a VM Guest via VNC need to be placed in the user's home directory in ~/.pki. Contrary to SSH, for example, the VNC viewer using these certificates do not check the access permissions of the private key file. Therefore, it is solely the user's responsibility to make sure the key file is not readable by others.

10.3.2.5.1 Restricting Access from the Server Side

By default, every client that is equipped with appropriate client certificates may connect to a VM Host Server accepting TLS connections. Therefore, it is possible to use additional server-side authentication with SASL as described in Section 10.1.1.3, “User name and Password Authentication with SASL”.

It is also possible to restrict access with a whitelist of DNs (distinguished names), so only clients with a certificate matching a DN from the list can connect.

Add a list of allowed DNs to tls_allowed_dn_list in /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf. This list may contain wild cards. Do not specify an empty list, since that would result in refusing all connections.

tls_allowed_dn_list = [
   "C=US,L=Provo,O=SUSE Linux Products GmbH,OU=*,CN=venus.example.com,EMAIL=*",
   "C=DE,L=Nuremberg,O=SUSE Linux Products GmbH,OU=Documentation,CN=*"]

Get the distinguished name of a certificate with the following command:

certtool -i --infile /etc/pki/libvirt/clientcert.pem | grep "Subject:"

Restart libvirtd after having changed the configuration:

root # systemctl restart libvirtd

10.3.2.6 Central User Authentication with SASL for TLS Sockets

A direct user authentication via TLS is not possible—this is handled indirectly on each client via the read permissions for the certificates as explained in Section 10.3.2.5, “Restricting Access (Security Considerations)”. However, if a central, server-based user authentication is needed, libvirt also allows to use SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer) on top of TLS for direct user authentication. See Section 10.1.1.3, “User name and Password Authentication with SASL” for configuration details.

10.3.2.7 Troubleshooting

10.3.2.7.1 Virtual Machine Manager/virsh Cannot Connect to Server

Check the following in the given order:

Is it a firewall issue (TCP port 16514 needs to be open on the server)?
Is the client certificate (certificate and key) readable by the user that has started Virtual Machine Manager/virsh?
Has the same full qualified host name as in the server certificate been specified with the connection?
Is TLS enabled on the server (listen_tls = 1)?
Has libvirtd been restarted on the server?
10.3.2.7.2 VNC Connection fails

Ensure that you can connect to the remote server using Virtual Machine Manager. If so, check whether the virtual machine on the server has been started with TLS support. The virtual machine's name in the following example is sles.

ps ax | grep qemu | grep "\-name sles" | awk -F" -vnc " '{ print FS $2 }'

If the output does not begin with a string similar to the following, the machine has not been started with TLS support and must be restarted.

 -vnc 0.0.0.0:0,tls,x509verify=/etc/pki/libvirt

11 Managing Storage

When managing a VM Guest on the VM Host Server itself, you can access the complete file system of the VM Host Server to attach or create virtual hard disks or to attach existing images to the VM Guest. However, this is not possible when managing VM Guests from a remote host. For this reason, libvirt supports so called Storage Pools, which can be accessed from remote machines.

Tip
Tip: CD/DVD ISO images

To be able to access CD/DVD ISO images on the VM Host Server from remote, they also need to be placed in a storage pool.

libvirt knows two different types of storage: volumes and pools.

Storage Volume

A storage volume is a storage device that can be assigned to a guest—a virtual disk or a CD/DVD/floppy image. Physically (on the VM Host Server) it can be a block device (a partition, a logical volume, etc.) or a file.

Storage Pool

A storage pool is a storage resource on the VM Host Server that can be used for storing volumes, similar to network storage for a desktop machine. Physically it can be one of the following types:

File System Directory (dir)

A directory for hosting image files. The files can be either one of the supported disk formats (raw, qcow2, or qed), or ISO images.

Physical Disk Device (disk)

Use a complete physical disk as storage. A partition is created for each volume that is added to the pool.

Pre-Formatted Block Device (fs)

Specify a partition to be used in the same way as a file system directory pool (a directory for hosting image files). The only difference to using a file system directory is that libvirt takes care of mounting the device.

iSCSI Target (iscsi)

Set up a pool on an iSCSI target. You need to have been logged in to the volume once before, to use it with libvirt (use the YaST iSCSI Initiator to detect and log in to a volume). Volume creation on iSCSI pools is not supported, instead each existing Logical Unit Number (LUN) represents a volume. Each volume/LUN also needs a valid (empty) partition table or disk label before you can use it. If missing, use fdisk to add it:

~ # fdisk -cu /dev/disk/by-path/ip-192.168.2.100:3260-iscsi-iqn.2010-10.com.example:[...]-lun-2
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI
or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xc15cdc4e.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
LVM Volume Group (logical)

Use an LVM volume group as a pool. You may either use a predefined volume group, or create a group by specifying the devices to use. Storage volumes are created as partitions on the volume.

Warning
Warning: Deleting the LVM-Based Pool

When the LVM-based pool is deleted in the Storage Manager, the volume group is deleted as well. This results in a non-recoverable loss of all data stored on the pool!

Multipath Devices (mpath)

At the moment, multipathing support is limited to assigning existing devices to the guests. Volume creation or configuring multipathing from within libvirt is not supported.

Network Exported Directory (netfs)

Specify a network directory to be used in the same way as a file system directory pool (a directory for hosting image files). The only difference to using a file system directory is that libvirt takes care of mounting the directory. Supported protocols are NFS and GlusterFS.

SCSI Host Adapter (scsi)

Use an SCSI host adapter in almost the same way as an iSCSI target. It is recommended to use a device name from /dev/disk/by-* rather than /dev/sdX, since the latter can change (for example, when adding or removing hard disks). Volume creation on iSCSI pools is not supported; instead, each existing LUN (Logical Unit Number) represents a volume.

Warning
Warning: Security Considerations

To avoid data loss or data corruption, do not attempt to use resources such as LVM volume groups, iSCSI targets, etc., that are also used to build storage pools on the VM Host Server. There is no need to connect to these resources from the VM Host Server or to mount them on the VM Host Server—libvirt takes care of this.

Do not mount partitions on the VM Host Server by label. Under certain circumstances it is possible that a partition is labeled from within a VM Guest with a name already existing on the VM Host Server.

11.1 Managing Storage with Virtual Machine Manager

The Virtual Machine Manager provides a graphical interface—the Storage Manager—to manage storage volumes and pools. To access it, either right-click a connection and choose Details, or highlight a connection and choose Edit › Connection Details. Select the Storage tab.

11.1.1 Adding a Storage Pool

To add a storage pool, proceed as follows:

  1. Click Add in the bottom left corner. The dialog Add a New Storage Pool appears.

  2. Provide a Name for the pool (consisting of alphanumeric characters and _-.) and select a Type. Proceed with Forward.

  3. Specify the required details in the following window. The data that needs to be entered depends on the type of pool you are creating:

    Typedir
    • Target Path: Specify an existing directory.

    Typedisk
    • Target Path: The directory that hosts the devices. The default value /dev should usually fit.

    • Format: Format of the device's partition table. Using auto should usually work. If not, get the required format by running the command parted -l on the VM Host Server.

    • Source Path: Path to the device. It is recommended to use a device name from /dev/disk/by-* rather than the simple /dev/sdX, since the latter can change (for example, when adding or removing hard disks). You need to specify the path that resembles the whole disk, not a partition on the disk (if existing).

    • Build Pool: Activating this option formats the device. Use with care—all data on the device will be lost!

    Typefs
    • Target Path: Mount point on the VM Host Server file system.

    • Format: File system format of the device. The default value auto should work.

    • Source Path: Path to the device file. It is recommended to use a device name from /dev/disk/by-* rather than /dev/sdX, because the latter can change (for example, when adding or removing hard disks).

    Typeiscsi

    Get the necessary data by running the following command on the VM Host Server:

    iscsiadm --mode node

    It will return a list of iSCSI volumes with the following format. The elements in bold text are required:

    IP_ADDRESS:PORT,TPGT TARGET_NAME_(IQN)
    • Target Path: The directory containing the device file. Use /dev/disk/by-path (default) or /dev/disk/by-id.

    • Host Name: Host name or IP address of the iSCSI server.

    • Source Path: The iSCSI target name (IQN).

    Typelogical
    • Target Path: In case you use an existing volume group, specify the existing device path. When building a new LVM volume group, specify a device name in the /dev directory that does not already exist.

    • Source Path: Leave empty when using an existing volume group. When creating a new one, specify its devices here.

    • Build Pool: Only activate when creating a new volume group.

    Typempath
    • Target Path: Support for multipathing is currently limited to making all multipath devices available. Therefore, specify an arbitrary string here that will then be ignored. The path is required, otherwise the XML parser will fail.

    Typenetfs
    • Target Path: Mount point on the VM Host Server file system.

    • Host Name: IP address or host name of the server exporting the network file system.

    • Source Path: Directory on the server that is being exported.

    Typescsi
    • Target Path: The directory containing the device file. Use /dev/disk/by-path (default) or /dev/disk/by-id.

    • Source Path: Name of the SCSI adapter.

    Note
    Note: File Browsing

    Using the file browser by clicking Browse is not possible when operating from remote.

  4. Click Finish to add the storage pool.

11.1.2 Managing Storage Pools

Virtual Machine Manager's Storage Manager lets you create or delete volumes in a pool. You may also temporarily deactivate or permanently delete existing storage pools. Changing the basic configuration of a pool is currently not supported by SUSE.

11.1.2.1 Starting, Stopping and Deleting Pools

The purpose of storage pools is to provide block devices located on the VM Host Server that can be added to a VM Guest when managing it from remote. To make a pool temporarily inaccessible from remote, click Stop in the bottom left corner of the Storage Manager. Stopped pools are marked with State: Inactive and are grayed out in the list pane. By default, a newly created pool will be automatically started On Boot of the VM Host Server.

To start an inactive pool and make it available from remote again, click Start in the bottom left corner of the Storage Manager.

Note
Note: A Pool's State Does not Affect Attached Volumes

Volumes from a pool attached to VM Guests are always available, regardless of the pool's state (Active (stopped) or Inactive (started)). The state of the pool solely affects the ability to attach volumes to a VM Guest via remote management.

To permanently make a pool inaccessible, click Delete in the bottom left corner of the Storage Manager. You may only delete inactive pools. Deleting a pool does not physically erase its contents on VM Host Server—it only deletes the pool configuration. However, you need to be extra careful when deleting pools, especially when deleting LVM volume group-based tools:

Warning
Warning: Deleting Storage Pools

Deleting storage pools based on local file system directories, local partitions or disks has no effect on the availability of volumes from these pools currently attached to VM Guests.

Volumes located in pools of type iSCSI, SCSI, LVM group or Network Exported Directory will become inaccessible from the VM Guest if the pool is deleted. Although the volumes themselves will not be deleted, the VM Host Server will no longer have access to the resources.

Volumes on iSCSI/SCSI targets or Network Exported Directory will become accessible again when creating an adequate new pool or when mounting/accessing these resources directly from the host system.

When deleting an LVM group-based storage pool, the LVM group definition will be erased and the LVM group will no longer exist on the host system. The configuration is not recoverable and all volumes from this pool are lost.

11.1.2.2 Adding Volumes to a Storage Pool

Virtual Machine Manager lets you create volumes in all storage pools, except in pools of types Multipath, iSCSI, or SCSI. A volume in these pools is equivalent to a LUN and cannot be changed from within libvirt.

  1. A new volume can either be created using the Storage Manager or while adding a new storage device to a VM Guest. In either case, select a storage pool from the left panel, then click Create new volume.

  2. Specify a Name for the image and choose an image format.

    Note that SUSE currently only supports raw, qcow2, or qed images. The latter option is not available on LVM group-based pools.

    Next to Max Capacity, specify the amount maximum size that the disk image is allowed to reach. Unless you are working with a qcow2 image, you can also set an amount for Allocation that should be allocated initially. If both values differ, a sparse image file will be created which grows on demand.

    For qcow2 images, you can use a Backing Store (also called backing file) which constitutes a base image. The newly created qcow2 image will then only record the changes that are made to the base image.

  3. Start the volume creation by clicking Finish.

11.1.2.3 Deleting Volumes From a Storage Pool

Deleting a volume can only be done from the Storage Manager, by selecting a volume and clicking Delete Volume. Confirm with Yes.

Warning
Warning: Volumes Can Be Deleted Even While in Use

Volumes can be deleted even if they are currently used in an active or inactive VM Guest. There is no way to recover a deleted volume.

Whether a volume is used by a VM Guest is indicated in the Used By column in the Storage Manager.

11.2 Managing Storage with virsh

Managing storage from the command line is also possible by using virsh. However, creating storage pools is currently not supported by SUSE. Therefore, this section is restricted to documenting functions like starting, stopping and deleting pools and volume management.

A list of all virsh subcommands for managing pools and volumes is available by running virsh help pool and virsh help volume, respectively.

11.2.1 Listing Pools and Volumes

List all pools currently active by executing the following command. To also list inactive pools, add the option --all:

virsh pool-list --details

Details about a specific pool can be obtained with the pool-info subcommand:

virsh pool-info POOL

Volumes can only be listed per pool by default. To list all volumes from a pool, enter the following command.

virsh vol-list --details POOL

At the moment virsh offers no tools to show whether a volume is used by a guest or not. The following procedure describes a way to list volumes from all pools that are currently used by a VM Guest.

Procedure 11.1: Listing all Storage Volumes Currently Used on a VM Host Server
  1. Create an XSLT style sheet by saving the following content to a file, for example, ~/libvirt/guest_storage_list.xsl:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
      xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
      <xsl:output method="text"/>
      <xsl:template match="text()"/>
      <xsl:strip-space elements="*"/>
      <xsl:template match="disk">
        <xsl:text>  </xsl:text>
        <xsl:value-of select="(source/@file|source/@dev|source/@dir)[1]"/>
        <xsl:text>&#10;</xsl:text>
      </xsl:template>
    </xsl:stylesheet>
  2. Run the following commands in a shell. It is assumed that the guest's XML definitions are all stored in the default location (/etc/libvirt/qemu). xsltproc is provided by the package libxslt.

    SSHEET="$HOME/libvirt/guest_storage_list.xsl"
    cd /etc/libvirt/qemu
    for FILE in *.xml; do
      basename $FILE .xml
      xsltproc $SSHEET $FILE
    done

11.2.2 Starting, Stopping and Deleting Pools

Use the virsh pool subcommands to start, stop or delete a pool. Replace POOL with the pool's name or its UUID in the following examples:

Stopping a Pool
virsh pool-destroy POOL
Note
Note: A Pool's State Does not Affect Attached Volumes

Volumes from a pool attached to VM Guests are always available, regardless of the pool's state (Active (stopped) or Inactive (started)). The state of the pool solely affects the ability to attach volumes to a VM Guest via remote management.

Deleting a Pool
virsh pool-delete POOL
Warning
Warning: Deleting Storage Pools

See Warning: Deleting Storage Pools

Starting a Pool
virsh pool-start POOL
Enable Autostarting a Pool
virsh pool-autostart POOL

Only pools that are marked to autostart will automatically be started if the VM Host Server reboots.

Disable Autostarting a Pool
virsh pool-autostart POOL --disable

11.2.3 Adding Volumes to a Storage Pool

virsh offers two ways to add volumes to storage pools: either from an XML definition with vol-create and vol-create-from or via command line arguments with vol-create-as. The first two methods are currently not supported by SUSE, therefore this section focuses on the subcommand vol-create-as.

To add a volume to an existing pool, enter the following command:

virsh vol-create-as POOL1NAME2 12G --format3raw|qcow2|qed4 --allocation 4G5

1

Name of the pool to which the volume should be added

2

Name of the volume

3

Size of the image, in this example 12 gigabytes. Use the suffixes k, M, G, T for kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte, respectively.

4

Format of the volume. SUSE currently supports raw, qcow2, and qed.

5

Optional parameter. By default virsh creates a sparse image file that grows on demand. Specify the amount of space that should be allocated with this parameter (4 gigabytes in this example). Use the suffixes k, M, G, T for kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte, respectively.

When not specifying this parameter, a sparse image file with no allocation will be generated. To create a non-sparse volume, specify the whole image size with this parameter (would be 12G in this example).

11.2.3.1 Cloning Existing Volumes

Another way to add volumes to a pool is to clone an existing volume. The new instance is always created in the same pool as the original.

virsh vol-clone NAME_EXISTING_VOLUME1NAME_NEW_VOLUME2 --pool POOL3

1

Name of the existing volume that should be cloned

2

Name of the new volume

3

Optional parameter. libvirt tries to locate the existing volume automatically. If that fails, specify this parameter.

11.2.4 Deleting Volumes from a Storage Pool

To permanently delete a volume from a pool, use the subcommand vol-delete:

virsh vol-delete NAME --pool POOL

--pool is optional. libvirt tries to locate the volume automatically. If that fails, specify this parameter.

Warning
Warning: No Checks Upon Volume Deletion

A volume will be deleted in any case, regardless of whether it is currently used in an active or inactive VM Guest. There is no way to recover a deleted volume.

Whether a volume is used by a VM Guest can only be detected by using by the method described in Procedure 11.1, “Listing all Storage Volumes Currently Used on a VM Host Server”.

11.2.5 Attaching Volumes to a VM Guest

After you create a volume as described in Section 11.2.3, “Adding Volumes to a Storage Pool”, you can attach it to a virtual machine and use it as a hard disk:

virsh attach-disk DOMAIN SOURCE_IMAGE_FILE TARGET_DISK_DEVICE

For example:

virsh attach-disk sles12sp3 /virt/images/example_disk.qcow2 sda2

To check if the new disk is attached, inspect the result of the virsh dumpxml command:

root # virsh dumpxml sles12sp3
[...]
<disk type='file' device='disk'>
 <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
 <source file='/virt/images/example_disk.qcow2'/>
 <backingStore/>
 <target dev='sda2' bus='scsi'/>
 <alias name='scsi0-0-0'/>
 <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/>
</disk>
[...]

11.2.5.1 Hotplug or Persistent Change

You can attach disks to both active and inactive domains. The attachment is controlled by the --live and --config options:

--live

Hotplugs the disk to an active domain. The attachment is not saved in the domain configuration. Using --live on an inactive domain is an error.

--config

Changes the domain configuration persistently. The attached disk is then available after the next domain start.

--live--config

Hotplugs the disk and adds it to the persistent domain configuration.

Tip
Tip: virsh attach-device

virsh attach-device is the more generic form of virsh attach-disk. You can use it to attach other types of devices to a domain.

11.2.6 Detaching Volumes from a VM Guest

To detach a disk from a domain, use virsh detach-disk:

root # virsh detach-disk DOMAIN TARGET_DISK_DEVICE

For example:

root # virsh detach-disk sles12sp3 sda2

You can control the attachment with the --live and --config options as described in Section 11.2.5, “Attaching Volumes to a VM Guest”.

11.3 Locking Disk Files and Block Devices with virtlockd

Locking block devices and disk files prevents concurrent writes to these resources from different VM Guests. It provides protection against starting the same VM Guest twice, or adding the same disk to two different virtual machines. This will reduce the risk of a virtual machine's disk image becoming corrupted because of a wrong configuration.

The locking is controlled by a daemon called virtlockd. Since it operates independently from the libvirtd daemon, locks will endure a crash or a restart of libvirtd. Locks will even persist in the case of an update of the virtlockd itself, since it can re-execute itself. This ensures that VM Guests do not need to be restarted upon a virtlockd update. virtlockd is supported for KVM, QEMU, and Xen.

11.3.1 Enable Locking

Locking virtual disks is not enabled by default on openSUSE Leap. To enable and automatically start it upon rebooting, perform the following steps:

  1. Edit /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf and set

    lock_manager = "lockd"
  2. Start the virtlockd daemon with the following command:

    systemctl start virtlockd
  3. Restart the libvirtd daemon with:

    systemctl restart libvirtd
  4. Make sure virtlockd is automatically started when booting the system:

    systemctl enable virtlockd

11.3.2 Configure Locking

By default virtlockd is configured to automatically lock all disks configured for your VM Guests. The default setting uses a "direct" lockspace, where the locks are acquired against the actual file paths associated with the VM Guest <disk> devices. For example, flock(2) will be called directly on /var/lib/libvirt/images/my-server/disk0.raw when the VM Guest contains the following <disk> device:

<disk type='file' device='disk'>
 <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
 <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/my-server/disk0.raw'/>
 <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
</disk>

The virtlockd configuration can be changed by editing the file /etc/libvirt/qemu-lockd.conf. It also contains detailed comments with further information. Make sure to activate configuration changes by reloading virtlockd:

systemctl reload virtlockd
Note
Note: Locking Currently Only Available for All Disks

Currently, locking can only be activated globally, so that all virtual disks are locked. Support for locking selected disks is planned for future releases.

11.3.2.1 Enabling an Indirect Lockspace

The default configuration of virtlockd uses a direct lockspace. This means that the locks are acquired against the actual file paths associated with the <disk> devices.

If the disk file paths are not accessible to all hosts, virtlockd can be configured to allow an indirect lockspace. This means that a hash of the disk file path is used to create a file in the indirect lockspace directory. The locks are then held on these hash files instead of the actual disk file paths. Indirect lockspace is also useful if the file system containing the disk files does not support fcntl() locks. An indirect lockspace is specified with the file_lockspace_dir setting:

file_lockspace_dir = "/MY_LOCKSPACE_DIRECTORY"

11.3.2.2 Enable Locking on LVM or iSCSI Volumes

When wanting to lock virtual disks placed on LVM or iSCSI volumes shared by several hosts, locking needs to be done by UUID rather than by path (which is used by default). Furthermore, the lockspace directory needs to be placed on a shared file system accessible by all hosts sharing the volume. Set the following options for LVM and/or iSCSI:

lvm_lockspace_dir = "/MY_LOCKSPACE_DIRECTORY"
iscsi_lockspace_dir = "/MY_LOCKSPACE_DIRECTORY"

11.4 Online Resizing of Guest Block Devices

Sometimes you need to change—extend or shrink—the size of the block device used by your guest system. For example, when the disk space originally allocated is no longer enough, it is time to increase its size. If the guest disk resides on a logical volume, you can resize it while the guest system is running. This is a big advantage over an offline disk resizing (see the virt-resize command from the Section 16.3, “Guestfs Tools” package) as the service provided by the guest is not interrupted by the resizing process. To resize a VM Guest disk, follow these steps:

Procedure 11.2: Online Resizing of Guest Disk
  1. Inside the guest system, check the current size of the disk (for example /dev/vda).

    root # fdisk -l /dev/vda
    Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes, 312581808 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  2. On the host, resize the logical volume holding the /dev/vda disk of the guest to the required size, for example 200 GB.

    root # lvresize -L 2048M /dev/mapper/vg00-home
    Extending logical volume home to 2.00 GiB
    Logical volume home successfully resized
  3. On the host, resize the block device related to the disk /dev/mapper/vg00-home of the guest. Note that you can find the DOMAIN_ID with virsh list.

    root # virsh blockresize  --path /dev/vg00/home --size 2048M DOMAIN_ID
    Block device '/dev/vg00/home' is resized
  4. Check that the new disk size is accepted by the guest.

    root # fdisk -l /dev/vda
    Disk /dev/sda: 200.0 GB, 200052357120 bytes, 390727260 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

11.5 Sharing Directories between Host and Guests (File System Pass-Through)

libvirt allows to share directories between host and guests using QEMU's file system pass-through (also called VirtFS) feature. Such a directory can be also be accessed by several VM Guests at once and therefore be used to exchange files between VM Guests.

Note
Note: Windows Guests and File System Pass-Through

Note that sharing directories between VM Host Server and Windows guests via File System Pass-Through does not work, because Windows lacks the drivers required to mount the shared directory.

To make a shared directory available on a VM Guest, proceed as follows:

  1. Open the guest's console in Virtual Machine Manager and either choose View › Details from the menu or click Show virtual hardware details in the toolbar. Choose Add Hardware › Filesystem to open the Filesystem Passthrough dialog.

  2. Driver allows you to choose between a Handle or Path base driver. The default setting is Path. Mode lets you choose the security model, which influences the way file permissions are set on the host. Three options are available:

    Passthrough (Default)

    Files on the file system are directly created with the client-user's credentials. This is very similar to what NFSv3 is using.

    Squash

    Same as Passthrough, but failure of privileged operations like chown are ignored. This is required when KVM is not run with root privileges.

    Mapped

    Files are created with the file server's credentials (qemu.qemu). The user credentials and the client-user's credentials are saved in extended attributes. This model is recommended when host and guest domains should be kept completely isolated.

  3. Specify the path to the directory on the VM Host Server with Source Path. Enter a string at Target Path that will be used as a tag to mount the shared directory. Note that the string of this field is a tag only, not a path on the VM Guest.

  4. Apply the setting. If the VM Guest is currently running, you need to shut it down to apply the new setting (rebooting the guest is not sufficient).

  5. Boot the VM Guest. To mount the shared directory, enter the following command:

    sudo mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,rw TAG /MOUNT_POINT

    To make the shared directory permanently available, add the following line to the /etc/fstab file:

    TAG   /MOUNT_POINT    9p  trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,rw    0   0

12 Managing Networks

Abstract

This chapter introduces common networking configurations supported by libvirt. It does not depend on the hypervisor used. It is valid for all hypervisors supported by libvirt, such as KVM or Xen. These setups can be achieved using both the graphical interface of Virtual Machine Manager and the command line tool virsh.

There are two common network setups to provide a VM Guest with a network connection:

  • A virtual network for the guest

  • A network bridge over a host's physical network interface that the guest can use

12.1 Virtual Networks

A virtual network is a computer network which does not consist of a physical network link, but rather uses a virtual network link. Each host can have several virtual networks defined. Virtual networks are based on virtual devices that connect virtual machines inside a hypervisor. They allow outgoing traffic translated to the LAN and are provided with DHCP and DNS services. Virtual networks can be either isolated, or forwarded to a physical network.

Guests inside an isolated virtual network can communicate with each other, but cannot communicate with guests outside the virtual network. Also, guests not belonging to the isolated virtual network cannot communicate with guests inside.

On the other hand, guests inside a forwarded (NAT, network address translation) virtual network can make any outgoing network connection they request. Incoming connections are allowed from VM Host Server, and from other guests connected to the same virtual network. All other incoming connections are blocked by iptables rules.

A standard libvirt installation on openSUSE Leap already comes with a predefined virtual network providing DHCP server and network address translation (NAT) named "default".

12.1.1 Managing Virtual Networks with Virtual Machine Manager

You can define, configure, and operate both isolated and forwarded virtual networks with Virtual Machine Manager.

12.1.1.1 Defining Virtual Networks

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection. On the right, there are details of the selected virtual network.

    Connection Details
    Figure 12.1: Connection Details
  3. To add a new virtual network, click Add.

  4. Specify a name for the new virtual network and click Forward.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 12.2: Create virtual network
  5. To specify an IPv4 network address space definition, activate the relevant option and type it into the Network text entry.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 12.3: Create virtual network
  6. libvirt can provide your virtual network with a DHCP server. If you need it, activate Enable DHCPv4, then type the start and end IP address range of assignable addresses.

  7. To enable static routing for the new virtual network, activate the relevant option and type the network and gateway addresses.

  8. Click Forward to proceed.

  9. To specify IPv6-related options—network address space, DHCPv6 server, or static route—activate Enable IPv6 network address space definition and activate the relevant options and fill in the relevant boxes.

  10. Click Forward to proceed.

  11. Select whether you want isolated or forwarded virtual network.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 12.4: Create virtual network

    For forwarded networks, specify the network interface to which the requests will be forwarded, and one of the forwarding modes: While NAT (network address translation) remaps the virtual network address space and allows sharing a single IP address, Routed connects the virtual switch to the physical host LAN with no network translation.

  12. If you did not specify IPv6 network address space definition earlier, you can enable IPv6 internal routing between virtual machines.

  13. (Optional) Optionally, change the DNS domain name.

  14. Click Finish to create the new virtual network. On the VM Host Server, a new virtual network bridge virbrX is available, which corresponds to the newly created virtual network. You can check with brctl show. libvirt automatically adds iptables rules to allow traffic to/from guests attached to the new virbrX device.

12.1.1.2 Starting Virtual Networks

To start a virtual network that is temporarily stopped, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. To start the virtual network, click Start.

12.1.1.3 Stopping Virtual Networks

To stop an active virtual network, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. Select the virtual network to be stopped, then click Stop.

12.1.1.4 Deleting Virtual Networks

To delete a virtual network from VM Host Server, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. Select the virtual network to be deleted, then click Delete.

12.1.1.5 Obtaining IP Addresses with nsswitch for NAT Networks (in KVM)

  • On VM Host Server, install libvirt-nss, which provides NSS support for libvirt:

    zypper in libvirt-nss
  • Add libvirt to /etc/nsswitch.conf:

    ...
    hosts:  files libvirt mdns_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns
    ...
  • If NSCD is running, restart it:

    systemctl restart nscd

Now you can reach the guest system by name from the host.

The NSS module has limited functionality. It reads /var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/*.status files to find the host name and corresponding IP addresses in a JSON record describing each lease provided by dnsmasq. Host name translation can only be done on those VM Host Servers using a libvirt-managed bridged network backed by dnsmasq.

For more information, see http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/NSS_module.

12.1.2 Managing Virtual Networks with virsh

You can manage libvirt-provided virtual networks with the virsh command line tool. To view all network related virsh commands, run

# virsh help network
Networking (help keyword 'network'):
 net-autostart                  autostart a network
        net-create                     create a network from an XML file
        net-define                     define (but don't start) a network from an XML file
        net-destroy                    destroy (stop) a network
        net-dumpxml                    network information in XML
        net-edit                       edit XML configuration for a network
        net-event                      Network Events
        net-info                       network information
        net-list                       list networks
        net-name                       convert a network UUID to network name
        net-start                      start a (previously defined) inactive network
        net-undefine                   undefine an inactive network
        net-update                     update parts of an existing network's configuration
 net-uuid                       convert a network name to network UUID

To view brief help information for a specific virsh command, run virsh help VIRSH_COMMAND:

# virsh help net-create
  NAME
    net-create - create a network from an XML file

  SYNOPSIS
    net-create <file>

  DESCRIPTION
    Create a network.

  OPTIONS
    [--file] <string>  file containing an XML network description

12.1.2.1 Creating a Network

To create a new running virtual network, run

root # virsh net-create VNET_DEFINITION.xml

The VNET_DEFINITION.xml XML file includes the definition of the virtual network that libvirt accepts.

To define a new virtual network without activating it, run

root # virsh net-define VNET_DEFINITION.xml

The following examples illustrate definitions of different types of virtual networks.

Example 12.1: NAT Based Network

The following configuration allows VM Guests outgoing connectivity if it is available on VM Host Server. In the absence of VM Host Server networking, it allows guests to talk directly to each other.

<network>
<name>vnet_nated</name>1
<bridge name="virbr1" />2
 <forward mode="nat"/>3
 <ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">4
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254" />5
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:da" name="host1.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.101" />6
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:db" name="host2.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.102" />
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:dc" name="host3.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.103" />
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
</network>

1

The name of the new virtual network.

2

The name of the bridge device used to construct the virtual network. When defining a new network with a <forward> mode of "nat" or "route" (or an isolated network with no <forward> element), libvirt will automatically generate a unique name for the bridge device if none is given.

3

Inclusion of the <forward> element indicates that the virtual network will be connected to the physical LAN. The mode attribute specifies the forwarding method. The most common modes are "nat" (default, network address translation), "route" (direct forwarding to the physical network, no address translation), and "bridge" (network bridge configured outside of libvirt). If the <forward> element is not specified, the virtual network will be isolated from other networks. For a complete list of forwarding modes, see http://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsConnect.

4

The IP address and netmask for the network bridge.

5

Enable DHCP server for the virtual network, offering IP addresses ranging from the specified start and end attribute.

6

The optional <host> elements specify hosts that will be given names and predefined IP addresses by the built-in DHCP server. Any IPv4 host element must specify the MAC address of the host to be assigned a given name, the IP to be assigned to that host, and the name to be given to that host by the DHCP server. An IPv6 host element differs slightly from that for IPv4: there is no mac attribute since a MAC address has no defined meaning in IPv6. Instead, the name attribute is used to identify the host to be assigned the IPv6 address. For DHCPv6, the name is the plain name of the client host sent by the client to the server. Note that this method of assigning a specific IP address can also be used instead of the mac attribute for IPv4.

Example 12.2: Routed Network

The following configuration routes traffic from the virtual network to the LAN without applying any NAT. The IP address range must be preconfigured in the routing tables of the router on the VM Host Server network.

<network>
 <name>vnet_routed</name>
 <bridge name="virbr1" />
 <forward mode="route" dev="eth1"/>1
 <ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254" />
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
</network>

1

The guest traffic may only go out via the eth1 network device on the VM Host Server.

Example 12.3: Isolated Network

This configuration provides a completely isolated private network. The guests can talk to each other, and to VM Host Server, but cannot reach any other machines on the LAN, as the <forward> element is missing in the XML description.

<network>
 <name>vnet_isolated</name>
 <bridge name="virbr3" />
 <ip address="192.168.152.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.152.2" end="192.168.152.254" />
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
 </network>
Example 12.4: Using an Existing Bridge on VM Host Server

This configuration shows how to use an existing VM Host Server's network bridge br0. VM Guests are directly connected to the physical network. Their IP addresses will all be on the subnet of the physical network, and there will be no restrictions on incoming or outgoing connections.

<network>
        <name>host-bridge</name>
        <forward mode="bridge"/>
        <bridge name="br0"/>
</network>

12.1.2.2 Listing Networks

To list all virtual networks available to libvirt, run:

root # virsh net-list --all

 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 crowbar              active     yes           yes
 vnet_nated           active     yes           yes
 vnet_routed          active     yes           yes
 vnet_isolated        inactive   yes           yes

To list available domains, run:

root # virsh list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 1     nated_sles12sp1                running
 ...

To get a list of interfaces of a running domain, run domifaddr DOMAIN, or optionally specify the interface to limit the output to this interface. By default, it additionally outputs their IP and MAC addresses:

root # virsh domifaddr nated_sles12sp1 --interface vnet0 --source lease
 Name       MAC address          Protocol     Address
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 vnet0      52:54:00:9e:0d:2b    ipv6         fd00:dead:beef:55::140/64
 -          -                    ipv4         192.168.100.168/24

To print brief information of all virtual interfaces associated with the specified domain, run:

root # virsh domiflist nated_sles12sp1
Interface  Type       Source       Model       MAC
---------------------------------------------------------
vnet0      network    vnet_nated   virtio      52:54:00:9e:0d:2b

12.1.2.3 Getting Details about a Network

To get detailed information about a network, run:

root # virsh net-info vnet_routed
Name:           vnet_routed
UUID:           756b48ff-d0c6-4c0a-804c-86c4c832a498
Active:         yes
Persistent:     yes
Autostart:      yes
Bridge:         virbr5

12.1.2.4 Starting a Network

To start an inactive network that was already defined, find its name (or unique identifier, UUID) with:

root # virsh net-list --inactive
 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 vnet_isolated        inactive   yes           yes

Then run:

root # virsh net-start vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated started

12.1.2.5 Stopping a Network

To stop an active network, find its name (or unique identifier, UUID) with:

root # virsh net-list --inactive
 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 vnet_isolated        active     yes           yes

Then run:

root # virsh net-destroy vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated destroyed

12.1.2.6 Removing a Network

To remove the definition of an inactive network from VM Host Server permanently, run:

root # virsh net-undefine vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated has been undefined

12.2 Bridged Networking

A network bridge is used to connect two or more network segments. It behaves like a virtual network switch, and guest machines treat it transparently as a physical network interface. Any physical or virtual device can be connected to the bridge.

If there is a network bridge present on VM Host Server, you can connect a VM Guest to it directly. This provides the VM Guest with full incoming and outgoing network access.

12.2.1 Managing Network Bridges with YaST

This section includes procedures to add or remove network bridges with YaST.

12.2.1.1 Adding a Network Bridge

To add a network bridge on VM Host Server, follow these steps:

  1. Start YaST › System › Network Settings.

  2. Activate the Overview tab and click Add.

  3. Select Bridge from the Device Type list and enter the bridge device interface name in the Configuration Name entry. Proceed with Next.

  4. In the Address tab, specify networking details such as DHCP/static IP address, subnet mask or host name.

    Using Dynamic Address is only useful when also assigning a device to a bridge that is connected to some DHCP server.

    If you intend to create a virtual bridge that has no connection to a real Ethernet device, use Statically assigned IP Address. In this case, it is a good idea to use addresses from the private IP address ranges, for example, 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x.

    To create a bridge that should only serve as a connection between the different guests without connection to the host system, set the IP address to 0.0.0.0 and the subnet mask to 255.255.255.255. The network scripts handle this special address as an unset IP address.

  5. Activate the Bridged Devices tab and activate the network devices you want to include in the network bridge.

  6. Click Next to return to the Overview tab and confirm with OK. The new network bridge should be active on VM Host Server now.

12.2.1.2 Deleting a Network Bridge

To delete an existing network bridge, follow these steps:

  1. Start YaST › System › Network Settings.

  2. Select the bridge device you want to delete from the list in the Overview tab.

  3. Delete the bridge with Delete and confirm with OK.

12.2.2 Managing Network Bridges with brctl

This section includes procedures to add or remove network bridges with the brctl command line tool.

12.2.2.1 Adding a Network Bridge

To add a new network bridge device on VM Host Server with brctl, follow these steps:

  1. Log in as root on the VM Host Server where you want to create a new network bridge.

  2. Choose a name for the new bridge—VIRBR_TEST in our example— and run

    root # brctl addbr VIRBR_TEST
  3. Check if the bridge was created on VM Host Server:

    root # brctl show
    bridge name     bridge id           STP enabled     interfaces
    br0             8000.e06995ec09e8   no              eth0
    virbr0          8000.525400b37ec9   yes             virbr0-nic
    virbr_test      8000.000000000000   no

    virbr_test is present, but is not associated with any physical network interface.

  4. Add a network interface to the bridge:

    root # brctl addif eth1
    Important
    Important: Network Interface Must Be Unused

    You can only enslave a network interface that is not yet used by other network bridge.

  5. Optionally, enable STP (see Spanning Tree Protocol):

    root # brctl stp VIRBR_TEST on

12.2.2.2 Deleting a Network Bridge

To delete an existing network bridge device on VM Host Server with brctl, follow these steps:

  1. Log in as root on the VM Host Server where you want to delete an existing network bridge.

  2. List existing network bridges to identify the name of the bridge to remove:

    root # brctl show
    bridge name     bridge id           STP enabled     interfaces
    br0             8000.e06995ec09e8   no              eth0
    virbr0          8000.525400b37ec9   yes             virbr0-nic
    virbr_test      8000.000000000000   yes             eth1
  3. Delete the bridge:

    root # brctl delbr VIRBR_TEST

12.2.3 Using VLAN Interfaces

Sometimes, it is necessary to create a private connection either between two VM Host Servers or between VM Guest systems. For example, to migrate VM Guest to hosts in a different network segment, or to create a private bridge that only VM Guest systems may connect to, even when running on different VM Host Server systems. An easy way to build such connections is to set up VLAN networks.

VLAN interfaces are commonly set up on the VM Host Server and either interconnect the different VM Host Server systems, or they may be set up as a physical interface to an otherwise virtual-only bridge. It is even possible to create a bridge with a VLAN as a physical interface that has no IP address in the VM Host Server. That way, the guest systems have no possibility to access the host over this network.

Run the YaST module System › Network Settings. Follow this procedure to set up the VLAN device:

Procedure 12.1: Setting up VLAN Interfaces with YaST
  1. Press Add to create a new network interface.

  2. In the Hardware Dialog, select Device Type VLAN.

  3. Change the value of Configuration Name to the ID of your VLAN. Note that VLAN ID 1 is commonly used for management purposes.

  4. Press Next.

  5. Select the interface that the VLAN device should connect to below Real Interface for VLAN. If the desired interface does not appear in the list, first set up this interface without an IP Address.

  6. Select the desired method for assigning an IP address to the VLAN device.

  7. Press Next to finish the configuration.

It is also possible to use the VLAN interface as a physical interface of a bridge. This makes it possible to connect several VM Host Server-only networks and allows to live-migrate VM Guest systems that are connected to such a network.

YaST does not always allow to set no IP address. However, this may be a desired feature especially if VM Host Server-only networks should be connected. In this case, use the special address 0.0.0.0 with netmask 255.255.255.255. The system scripts handle this address as no IP address set.

13 Configuring Virtual Machines

Abstract

Virtual Machine Manager's Details view offers in-depth information about the VM Guest's complete configuration and hardware equipment. Using this view, you can also change the guest configuration or add and modify virtual hardware. To access this view, open the guest's console in Virtual Machine Manager and either choose View › Details from the menu, or click Show virtual hardware details in the toolbar.

Details View of a VM Guest
Figure 13.1: Details View of a VM Guest

The left panel of the window lists VM Guest overview and already installed hardware. After clicking an item in the list, you can access its detailed settings in the details view. You can change the hardware parameters to match your needs, then click Apply to confirm them. Some changes take effect immediately, while others need a reboot of the machine—and virt-manager warns you about that fact.

To remove installed hardware from a VM Guest, select the appropriate list entry in the left panel and then click Remove in the bottom right of the window.

To add new hardware, click Add Hardware below the left panel, then select the type of the hardware you want to add in the Add New Virtual Hardware window. Modify its parameters and confirm with Finish.

The following sections describe configuration options for the specific hardware type being added. They do not focus on modifying an existing piece of hardware as the options are identical.

13.1 Machine Setup

This section describes the setup of the virtualized processor and memory hardware. These components are vital to a VM Guest, therefore you cannot remove them. It also shows how to view the overview and performance information, and how to change boot options.

13.1.1 Overview

Overview shows basic details about VM Guest and the hypervisor.

Overview details
Figure 13.2: Overview details

Name, Title, and Description are editable and help you identify VM Guest in the Virtual Machine Manager list of machines.

VM Guest Title and Description
Figure 13.3: VM Guest Title and Description

UUID shows the universally unique identifier of the virtual machine, while Status shows its current status—Running, Paused, or Shutoff.

The Hypervisor Details section shows the hypervisor type, CPU architecture, used emulator, and chipset type. None of the hypervisor parameters can be changed.

13.1.2 Performance

Performance shows regularly updated charts of CPU and memory usage, and disk and network I/O.

Performance
Figure 13.4: Performance
Tip
Tip: Enabling Disabled Charts

Not all the charts in the Graph view are enabled by default. To enable these charts, go to File › View Manager, then select Edit › Preferences › Polling, and check the charts that you want to see regularly updated.

Statistics Charts
Figure 13.5: Statistics Charts

13.1.3 Processor

Processor includes detailed information about VM Guest processor configuration.

Processor View
Figure 13.6: Processor View

In the CPUs section, you can configure several parameters related to the number of allocated CPUs.

Logical host CPUs

The real number of CPUs installed on VM Host Server.

Current allocation

The number of currently allocated CPUs. You can hotplug more CPUs by increasing this value up to the Maximum allocation value.

Maximum allocation

Maximum number of allocable CPUs for the current session. Any change to this value will take effect after the next VM Guest reboot.

The Configuration section lets you configure the CPU model and topology.

When activated, the Copy host CPU configuration option uses the host CPU model for VM Guest. Otherwise you need to specify the CPU model from the drop-down box.

After you activate Manually set CPU topology, you can specify a custom number of sockets, cores and threads for the CPU.

13.1.4 Memory

Memory contains information about the memory that is available to VM Guest.

Memory View
Figure 13.7: Memory View
Total host memory

Total amount of memory installed on VM Host Server.

Current allocation

The amount of memory currently available to VM Guest. You can hotplug more memory by increasing this value up to the value of Maximum allocation.

Maximum allocation

The maximum value to which you can hotplug the currently available memory. Any change to this value will take effect after the next VM Guest reboot.

13.1.5 Boot Options

Boot Options introduces options affecting the VM Guest boot process.

Boot Options
Figure 13.8: Boot Options

In the Autostart section, you can specify whether the virtual machine should automatically start during the VM Host Server boot phase.

In the Boot device order, activate the devices that will be used for booting VM Guest. You can change their order with the up and down arrow buttons on the right side of the list. To choose from a list of bootable devices on VM Guest start, activate Enable boot menu.

To boot a different kernel than the one on the boot device, activate Enable direct kernel boot and specify the paths to the alternative kernel and initrd placed on the VM Host Server file system. You can also specify kernel arguments that will be passed to the loaded kernel.

13.2 Storage

This section gives you a detailed description of configuration options for storage devices. It includes both hard disks and removable media, such as USB or CD-ROM drives.

Procedure 13.1: Adding a New Storage Device
  1. Click Add Hardware below the left panel, then select Storage from the Add New Virtual Hardware window.

    Add a New Storage
    Figure 13.9: Add a New Storage
  2. To create a qcow2 disk image in the default location, activate Create a disk image for the virtual machine and specify its size in gigabytes.

    To gain more control over the disk image creation, activate Select or create custom storage and click Manage to manage storage pools and images. The window Choose Storage Volume opens which has almost identical functionality as the Storage tab described in Section 11.1, “Managing Storage with Virtual Machine Manager”.

    Tip
    Tip: Supported Storage Formats

    SUSE only supports the following storage formats: raw, qcow2, and qed.

  3. After you manage to create and specify the disk image file, specify the Device type. It can be one of the following options:

    • Disk device

    • CDROM device: Does not allow using Create a disk image for the virtual machine.

    • Floppy device: Does not allow using Create a disk image for the virtual machine.

    • LUN Passthrough: Required to use an existing SCSI storage directly without adding it into a storage pool.

  4. Select the Bus type for your device. The list of available options depends on the device type you selected in the previous step. The types based on VirtIO use paravirtualized drivers.

  5. In the Advanced options section, select the preferred Cache mode. For more information on cache modes, see Chapter 14, Disk Cache Modes.

  6. Confirm your settings with Finish. A new storage device appears in the left panel.

13.3 Controllers

This section focuses on adding and configuring new controllers.

Procedure 13.2: Adding a New Controller
  1. Click Add Hardware below the left panel, then select Controller from the Add New Virtual Hardware window.

    Add a New Controller
    Figure 13.10: Add a New Controller
  2. Select the type of the controller. You can choose from IDE, Floppy, SCSI, SATA, VirtIO Serial (paravirtualized), USB, or CCID (smart card devices).

  3. Optionally, in the case of a USB or SCSI controller, select a controller model.

  4. Confirm your settings with Finish. A new controller appears in the left panel.

13.4 Networking

This section describes how to add and configure new network devices.

Procedure 13.3: Adding a New Network Device
  1. Click Add Hardware below the left panel, then select Network from the Add New Virtual Hardware window.

    Add a New Controller
    Figure 13.11: Add a New Controller
  2. From the Network source list, select the source for the network connection. The list includes VM Host Server's available physical network interfaces, network bridges, or network bonds. You can also assign the VM Guest to an already defined virtual network. See Chapter 12, Managing Networks for more information on setting up virtual networks with Virtual Machine Manager.

  3. Specify a MAC address for the network device. While Virtual Machine Manager pre-fills a random value for your convenience, it is recommended to supply a MAC address appropriate for your network environment to avoid network conflicts.

  4. Select a device model from the list. You can either leave the Hypervisor default, or specify one of e1000, rtl8139, or virtio models. Note that virtio uses paravirtualized drivers.

  5. Confirm your settings with Finish. A new network device appears in the left panel.

13.5 Enabling Seamless and Synchronized Mouse Pointer Movement

When you click within a VM Guest's console with the mouse, the pointer is captured by the console window and cannot be used outside the console unless it is explicitly released (by pressing AltCtrl). To prevent the console from grabbing the key and to enable seamless pointer movement between host and guest instead, add a tablet to the VM Guest.

Adding a tablet has the additional advantage of synchronizing the mouse pointer movement between VM Host Server and VM Guest when using a graphical environment on the guest. With no tablet configured on the guest, you will often see two pointers with one dragging behind the other.

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Click Add Hardware and choose Input and then EvTouch USB Graphics Tablet in the pop-up window. Proceed with Finish.

  3. If the guest is running, you will be asked whether to enable the tablet after the next reboot. Confirm with Yes.

  4. When you start or restart the VM Guest, the tablet becomes available in the VM Guest.

13.6 Adding a CD/DVD-ROM Device with Virtual Machine Manager

KVM supports CD or DVD-ROMs in VM Guest either by directly accessing a physical drive on the VM Host Server or by accessing ISO images. To create an ISO image from an existing CD or DVD, use dd:

dd if=/dev/CD_DVD_DEVICE of=my_distro.iso bs=2048

To add a CD/DVD-ROM device to your VM Guest, proceed as follows:

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Click Add Hardware and choose Storage in the pop-up window.

  3. Change the Device Type to IDE CDROM.

  4. Select Select or create custom storage.

    1. To assign the device to a physical medium, enter the path to the VM Host Server's CD/DVD-ROM device (for example, /dev/cdrom) next to Manage. Alternatively, use Manage to open a file browser and then click Browse Local to select the device. Assigning the device to a physical medium is only possible when the Virtual Machine Manager was started on the VM Host Server.

    2. To assign the device to an existing image, click Manage to choose an image from a storage pool. If the Virtual Machine Manager was started on the VM Host Server, alternatively choose an image from another location on the file system by clicking Browse Local. Select an image and close the file browser with Choose Volume.

  5. Save the new virtualized device with Finish.

  6. Reboot the VM Guest to make the new device available. For more information, see Section 13.8, “Ejecting and Changing Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM Media with Virtual Machine Manager”.

13.7 Adding a Floppy Device with Virtual Machine Manager

Currently KVM only supports the use of floppy disk images—using a physical floppy drive is not supported. Create a floppy disk image from an existing floppy using dd:

dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/var/lib/libvirt/images/floppy.img

To create an empty floppy disk image use one of the following commands:

Raw Image
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/libvirt/images/floppy.img bs=512 count=2880
FAT Formatted Image
mkfs.msdos -C /var/lib/libvirt/images/floppy.img 1440

To add a floppy device to your VM Guest, proceed as follows:

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Click Add Hardware and choose Storage in the pop-up window.

  3. Change the Device Type to Floppy Disk.

  4. Choose Select or create custom storage and click Manage to choose an existing image from a storage pool. If Virtual Machine Manager was started on the VM Host Server, alternatively choose an image from another location on the file system by clicking Browse Local. Select an image and close the file browser with Choose Volume.

  5. Save the new virtualized device with Finish.

  6. Reboot the VM Guest to make the new device available. For more information, see Section 13.8, “Ejecting and Changing Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM Media with Virtual Machine Manager”.

13.8 Ejecting and Changing Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM Media with Virtual Machine Manager

Regardless of whether you are using the VM Host Server's physical CD/DVD-ROM device or an ISO/floppy image, before you can change the media or image of an existing device in the VM Guest, you first need to disconnect the media from the guest.

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Choose the Floppy or CD/DVD-ROM device and eject the medium by clicking Disconnect.

  3. To insert a new medium, click Connect.

    1. If using the VM Host Server's physical CD/DVD-ROM device, first change the media in the device (this may require unmounting it on the VM Host Server before it can be ejected). Then choose CD-ROM or DVD and select the device from the drop-down box.

    2. If you are using an ISO image, choose ISO image Location and select an image by clicking Manage. When connecting from a remote host, you may only choose images from existing storage pools.

  4. Click OK to finish. The new media can now be accessed in the VM Guest.

13.9 Changing the Machine Type with virsh

By default, when installing with the virt-install tool, the machine type for VM Guest is pc-i440fx. The machine type is stored in the VM Guest's xml configuration file in /etc/libvirt/qemu/ in the tag type:

<type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-i440fx-2.3'>hvm</type>

As an example, the following procedure shows how to change this value to the machine type q35. q35 is an Intel* chipset. It includes PCIe, supports up to 12 USB ports, and has support for SATA and IOMMU. IRQ routing has also been improved.

  1. Check whether your VM Guest is inactive:

    virsh list --inactive
    Id    Name                           State
    ----------------------------------------------------
    -     sles11                         shut off
  2. Edit the configuration for this VM Guest:

    virsh edit sles11
  3. Change the value of the machine attribute:

    <type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-q35-2.0'>hvm</type>
  4. Restart the VM Guest.

    root # virsh start sles11
  5. Check that the machine type has changed. Log in to the VM Guest as root and run the following command:

    root # dmidecode | grep Product
    Product Name: Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
Tip
Tip: Machine Type Update Recommendations

Whenever the QEMU version on the host system is upgraded, for example, when upgrading the VM Host Server to a new service pack, it is also recommended to upgrade the machine type of the VM Guests to the latest available version. To check, use the command qemu-system-x86_64 -M help on the VM Host Server.

The default machine type pc-i440fx, for example, is regularly updated. If your VM Guest still runs with a machine type of pc-i440fx-1.X, an update to pc-i440fx-2.X is strongly recommended. This allows taking advantage of the most recent updates and corrections in machine definitions, and ensures better future compatibility.

13.10 Assigning a Host PCI Device to a VM Guest

You can directly assign host-PCI devices to guests (PCI pass-through). When the PCI device is assigned to one VM Guest, it cannot be used on the host or by another VM Guest unless it is re-assigned. A prerequisite for this feature is a VM Host Server configuration as described in Important: Requirements for VFIO and SR-IOV.

13.10.1 Adding a PCI Device with Virtual Machine Manager

The following procedure describes how to add a PCI device to a VM Guest using Virtual Machine Manager:

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Click Add Hardware and choose the PCI Host Device category in the left panel. A list of available PCI devices appears in the right part of the window.

    Adding a PCI Device
    Figure 13.12: Adding a PCI Device
  3. From the list of available PCI devices, choose the one you want to pass to the guest. Confirm with Finish.

Tip
Tip: Assigning a PCI Device Requires a VM Guest Shutdown

Although it is possible to assign a PCI device to a running VM Guest as described above, the device will not become available until you shut down the VM Guest and reboot it afterward.

13.10.2 Adding a PCI Device with virsh

To assign a PCI device to VM Guest with virsh, follow these steps:

  1. Identify the host PCI device to assign to the guest. In the following example, we are assigning a DEC network card to the guest:

    tux > sudo lspci -nn
    [...]
    03:07.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Digital Equipment Corporation DECchip \
    21140 [FasterNet] [1011:0009] (rev 22)
    [...]

    Note down the device ID (03:07.0 in this case).

  2. Gather detailed information about the device using virsh nodedev-dumpxml ID. To get the ID, you need to replace colon and period in the device ID (03:07.0) with underscore and prefix the result with pci_0000_ (pci_0000_03_07_0).

    tux > virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_0000_03_07_0
    <device>
      <name>pci_0000_03_07_0</name>
      <path>/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.4/0000:03:07.0</path>
      <parent>pci_0000_00_14_4</parent>
      <driver>
        <name>tulip</name>
      </driver>
      <capability type='pci'>
        <domain>0</domain>
        <bus>3</bus>
        <slot>7</slot>
        <function>0</function>
        <product id='0x0009'>DECchip 21140 [FasterNet]</product>
        <vendor id='0x1011'>Digital Equipment Corporation</vendor>
        <numa node='0'/>
      </capability>
    </device>

    Note down the values for domain, bus, and function.

  3. Detach the device from the host system prior to attaching it to VM Guest.

    tux > virsh nodedev-detach pci_0000_03_07_0
      Device pci_0000_03_07_0 detached
    Tip
    Tip: Multi-Function PCI Devices

    When using a multi-function PCI device that does not support FLR (function level reset) or PM (power management) reset, you need to detach all its functions from the VM Host Server. The whole device must be reset for security reasons. libvirt will refuse to assign the device if one of its functions is still in use by the VM Host Server or another VM Guest.

  4. Convert the domain, bus, slot, and function value from decimal to hexadecimal, and prefix with 0x to tell the system that the value is hexadecimal. In our example, domain = 0, bus = 3, slot = 7, and function = 0. Their hexadecimal values are:

    tux > printf %x 0
    0
    tux > printf %x 3
    3
    tux > printf %x 7
    7

    This results in domain = 0x0000, bus = 0x03, slot = 0x07 and function = 0x00.

  5. Run virsh edit on your domain, and add the following device entry in the <devices> section using the values from the previous step:

    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
      <source>
        <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x03' slot='0x07' function='0x00'/>
      </source>
    </hostdev>
    Tip
    Tip: managed Compared to unmanaged

    libvirt recognizes two modes for handling PCI devices: they can be either managed or unmanaged. In the managed case, libvirt will handle all the details of unbinding the device from the existing driver if needed, resetting the device, binding it to vfio-pci before starting the domain, etc. When the domain is terminated or the device is removed from the domain, libvirt will unbind from vfio-pci and rebind to the original driver in the case of a managed device. If the device is unmanaged, the user must take care to ensure all of these management aspects of the device are done before assigning it to a domain, and after the device is no longer used by the domain.

    In the example above, the managed='yes' option means that the device is managed. To switch the device mode to unmanaged, set managed='no' in the listing above. If you do so, you need to take care of the related driver with the virsh nodedev-detach and virsh nodedev-reattach commands. That means you need to run virsh nodedev-detach pci_0000_03_07_0 prior to starting the VM Guest to detach the device from the host. In case the VM Guest is not running, you can make the device available for the host by running virsh nodedev-reattach pci_0000_03_07_0.

  6. Shut down the VM Guest and restart it to make the assigned PCI device available.

    Tip
    Tip: SELinux

    If you are running SELinux on your VM Host Server, you need to disable it prior to starting the VM Guest with

    setsebool -P virt_use_sysfs 1

13.11 Assigning a Host USB Device to a VM Guest

Analogous to assigning host PCI devices (see Section 13.10, “Assigning a Host PCI Device to a VM Guest”), you can directly assign host USB devices to guests. When the USB device is assigned to one VM Guest, it cannot be used on the host or by another VM Guest unless it is re-assigned.

13.11.1 Adding a USB Device with Virtual Machine Manager

To assign a host USB device to VM Guest using Virtual Machine Manager, follow these steps:

  1. Double-click a VM Guest entry in the Virtual Machine Manager to open its console and switch to the Details view with View › Details.

  2. Click Add Hardware and choose the USB Host Device category in the left panel. A list of available USB devices appears in the right part of the window.

    Adding a USB Device
    Figure 13.13: Adding a USB Device
  3. From the list of available USB devices, choose the one you want to pass to the guest. Confirm with Finish. The new USB device appears in the left pane of the Details view.

    Tip
    Tip: USB Device Removal

    To remove the host USB device assignment, click it in the left pane of the Details view and confirm with Remove.

13.11.2 Adding a USB Device with virsh

To assign a USB device to VM Guest using virsh, follow these steps:

  1. Identify the host USB device to assign to the guest:

    tux > sudo lsusb
    [...]
    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0557:2221 ATEN International Co., Ltd Winbond Hermon
    [...]

    Note down the vendor and product IDs. In our example, the vendor ID is 0557 and the product ID is 2221.

  2. Run virsh edit on your domain, and add the following device entry in the <devices> section using the values from the previous step:

    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='usb'>
      <source startupPolicy='optional'>
       <vendor id='0557'/>
       <product id='2221'/>
      </source>
    </hostdev>
    Tip
    Tip: Vendor/Product or Device's Address

    Instead of defining the host device with <vendor/> and <product/> IDs, you can use the <address/> element as described for host PCI devices in Section 13.10.2, “Adding a PCI Device with virsh.

  3. Shut down the VM Guest and restart it to make the assigned USB device available.

    Tip
    Tip: SELinux

    If you are running SELinux on your VM Host Server, you need to disable it prior to starting the VM Guest with

    setsebool -P virt_use_sysfs 1

13.12 Adding SR-IOV Devices

Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) capable PCIe devices can replicate their resources, so they appear to be multiple devices. Each of these "pseudo-devices" can be assigned to a VM Guest.

SR-IOV is an industry specification that was created by the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) consortium. It introduces physical functions (PF) and virtual functions (VF). PFs are full PCIe functions used to manage and configure the device. PFs also can move data. VFs lack the configuration and management part—they only can move data and a reduced set of configuration functions. Since VFs do not have all PCIe functions, the host operating system or the Hypervisor must support SR-IOV to be able to access and initialize VFs. The theoretical maximum for VFs is 256 per device (consequently the maximum for a dual-port Ethernet card would be 512). In practice this maximum is much lower, since each VF consumes resources.

13.12.1 Requirements

The following requirements must be met to be able to use SR-IOV:

  • An SR-IOV-capable network card (as of openSUSE Leap 42.3, only network cards support SR-IOV)

  • An AMD64/Intel 64 host supporting hardware virtualization (AMD-V or Intel VT-x)

  • A chipset that supports device assignment (AMD-Vi or Intel VT-d)

  • libvirt-0.9.10 or better

  • SR-IOV drivers must be loaded and configured on the host system

  • A host configuration that meets the requirements listed at Important: Requirements for VFIO and SR-IOV

  • A list of the PCI addresses of the VF(s) that will be assigned to VM Guests

Tip
Tip: Checking if a Device is SR-IOV-Capable

The information whether a device is SR-IOV-capable can be obtained from its PCI descriptor by running lspci. A device that supports SR-IOV reports a capability similar to the following:

Capabilities: [160 v1] Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)
Note
Note: Adding an SR-IOV Device at VM Guest Creation

Before adding an SR-IOV device to a VM Guest when initially setting it up, the VM Host Server already needs to be configured as described in Section 13.12.2, “Loading and Configuring the SR-IOV Host Drivers”.

13.12.2 Loading and Configuring the SR-IOV Host Drivers

To be able to access and initialize VFs, an SR-IOV-capable driver needs to be loaded on the host system.

  1. Before loading the driver, make sure the card is properly detected by running lspci. The following example shows the lspci output for the dual-port Intel 82576NS network card:

    tux > sudo /sbin/lspci | grep 82576
    01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    01:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)

    In case the card is not detected, it is likely that the hardware virtualization support in the BIOS/EFI has not been enabled.

  2. Check whether the SR-IOV driver is already loaded by running lsmod. In the following example a check for the igb driver (for the Intel 82576NS network card) returns a result. That means the driver is already loaded. If the command returns nothing, the driver is not loaded.

    tux > sudo /sbin/lsmod | egrep "^igb "
    igb                   185649  0
  3. Skip this step if the driver is already loaded.

    If the SR-IOV driver is not yet loaded, the non-SR-IOV driver needs to be removed first, before loading the new driver. Use rmmod to unload a driver. The following example unloads the non-SR-IOV driver for the Intel 82576NS network card:

    sudo /sbin/rmmod igbvf

    Load the SR-IOV driver subsequently using the modprobe command—the VF parameter (max_vfs) is mandatory:

    sudo /sbin/modprobe igb max_vfs=8

    Or load the driver via SYSFS:

    Find the PCI ID of the physical NIC by listing Ethernet devices:

    tux > sudo lspci | grep Eth
    06:00.0 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect NIC (Skyhawk) (rev 10)
    06:00.1 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect NIC (Skyhawk) (rev 10)

    To enable VFs, echo the number of desired VFs to load to the sriov_numvfs parameter:

    tux > sudo echo 1 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:06:00.1/sriov_numvfs

    Verify that the VF NIC was loaded:

    tux > sudo lspci | grep Eth
    06:00.0 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect NIC (Skyhawk) (rev 10)
    06:00.1 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect NIC (Skyhawk) (rev 10)
    06:08.0 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect NIC (Skyhawk) (rev 10)

    Obtain the maximum number of VFs available:

    tux > sudo lspci -vvv -s 06:00.1 | grep 'Initial VFs'
                           Initial VFs: 32, Total VFs: 32, Number of VFs: 0,
    Function Dependency Link: 01
  4. Create a before.service file which loads VF via SYSFS on boot:

    [Unit]
    Before=
    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    RemainAfterExit=true
    ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "echo 1 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:06:00.1/sriov_numvfs"
    # beware, executable is run directly, not through a shell, check the man pages
    # systemd.service and systemd.unit for full syntax
    [Install]
    # target in which to start the service
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    #WantedBy=graphical.target

    And copy it to /etc/systemd/system.

    Additionally, it is required to create another service file (after-local.service) pointing to /etc/init.d/after.local script that detaches the NIC prior to starting the VM, otherwise the VM would fail to start:

    [Unit]
    Description=/etc/init.d/after.local Compatibility
    After=libvirtd.service
    Requires=libvirtd.service
    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    ExecStart=/etc/init.d/after.local
    RemainAfterExit=true
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

    And copy it to /etc/systemd/system.

    #! /bin/sh
    #
    # Copyright (c) 2010 SuSE LINUX Products GmbH, Germany.  All rights reserved.
    # ...
    virsh nodedev-detach pci_0000_06_08_0

    Then save it as /etc/init.d/after.local.

  5. Reboot the machine and check if the SR-IOV driver is loaded by re-running the lspci command from the first step of this procedure. If the SR-IOV driver was loaded successfully you should see additional lines for the VFs:

    01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    01:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    01:10.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    01:10.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    01:10.2 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    [...]
    04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576NS Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
    04:10.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    04:10.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    04:10.2 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
    [...]

13.12.3 Adding a VF Network Device to an Existing VM Guest

When the SR-IOV hardware is properly set up on the VM Host Server, you can add VFs to VM Guests. To do so, you need to collect some data first.

Note: The following procedure is using example data. Make sure to replace it by appropriate data from your setup.

  1. Use the virsh nodedev-list command to get the PCI address of the VF you want to assign and its corresponding PF. Numerical values from the lspci output shown in Section 13.12.2, “Loading and Configuring the SR-IOV Host Drivers” (for example 01:00.0 or 04:00.1) are transformed by adding the prefix "pci_0000_" and by replacing colons and dots with underscores. So a PCI ID listed as "04:00.0" by lspci is listed as "pci_0000_04_00_0" by virsh. The following example lists the PCI IDs for the second port of the Intel 82576NS network card:

    tux > sudo virsh nodedev-list | grep 0000_04_
    pci_0000_04_00_0
    pci_0000_04_00_1
    pci_0000_04_10_0
    pci_0000_04_10_1
    pci_0000_04_10_2
    pci_0000_04_10_3
    pci_0000_04_10_4
    pci_0000_04_10_5
    pci_0000_04_10_6
    pci_0000_04_10_7
    pci_0000_04_11_0
    pci_0000_04_11_1
    pci_0000_04_11_2
    pci_0000_04_11_3
    pci_0000_04_11_4
    pci_0000_04_11_5

    The first two entries represent the PFs, whereas the other entries represent the VFs.

  2. Get more data that will be needed by running the command virsh nodedev-dumpxml on the PCI ID of the VF you want to add:

    tux > sudo virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_0000_04_10_0
    <device>
      <name>pci_0000_04_10_0</name>
      <parent>pci_0000_00_02_0</parent>
      <capability type='pci'>
        <domain>0</domain>
        <bus>4</bus>
        <slot>16</slot>
        <function>0</function>
        <product id='0x10ca'>82576 Virtual Function</product>
        <vendor id='0x8086'>Intel Corporation</vendor>
        <capability type='phys_function'>
          <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x04' slot='0x00' function='0x0'/>
        </capability>
      </capability>
    </device>

    The following data is needed for the next step:

    • <domain>0</domain>

    • <bus>4</bus>

    • <slot>16</slot>

    • <function>0</function>

  3. Create a temporary XML file (for example /tmp/vf-interface.xml containing the data necessary to add a VF network device to an existing VM Guest. The minimal content of the file needs to look like the following:

    <interface type='hostdev'>1
     <source>
      <address type='pci' domain='0' bus='11' slot='16' function='0'2/>2
     </source>
    </interface>

    1

    VFs do not get a fixed MAC address; it changes every time the host reboots. When adding network devices the traditional way with <hostdev>, it would require to reconfigure the VM Guest's network device after each reboot of the host, because of the MAC address change. To avoid this kind of problem, libvirt introduced the interface type='hostdev' directive, which sets up network-specific data before assigning the device.

    2

    Specify the data you acquired in the previous step here.

  4. In case a device is already attached to the host, it cannot be attached to a guest. To make it available for guests, detach it from the host first:

    virsh nodedev-detach pci_0000_04_10_0
  5. Last, add the VF interface to an existing VM Guest:

    virsh attach-device GUEST /tmp/vf-interface.xml --OPTION

    GUEST needs to be replaced by the domain name, id or uuid of the VM Guest and --OPTION can be one of the following:

    --persistent

    This option will always add the device to the domain's persistent XML. In addition, if the domain is running, it will be hotplugged.

    --config

    This option will only affect the persistent XML, even if the domain is running. The device will only show up in the guest on next boot.

    --live

    This option will only affect a running domain. If the domain is inactive, the operation will fail. The device is not persisted in the XML and will not be available in the guest on next boot.

    --current

    This option affects the current state of the domain. If the domain is inactive, the device is added to the persistent XML and will be available on next boot. If the domain is active, the device is hotplugged but not added to the persistent XML.

    To detach a VF interface, use the virsh detach-device command, which also takes the options listed above.

13.12.4 Dynamic Allocation of VFs from a Pool

If you define the PCI address of a VF into a guest's configuration statically as described in Section 13.12.3, “Adding a VF Network Device to an Existing VM Guest”, it is hard to migrate such guest to another host. The host must have identical hardware in the same location on the PCI bus, or the guest configuration must be modified prior to each start.

Another approach is to create a libvirt network with a device pool that contains all the VFs of an SR-IOV device. The guest then references this network, and each time it is started, a single VF is dynamically allocated to it. When the guest is stopped, the VF is returned to the pool, available for another guest.

13.12.4.1 Defining Network with Pool of VFs on VM Host Server

The following example of network definition creates a pool of all VFs for the SR-IOV device with its physical function (PF) at the network interface eth0 on the host:

<network>
  <name>passthrough</name>
    <forward mode='hostdev' managed='yes'>
      <pf dev='eth0'/>
    </forward>
  </network>

To use this network on the host, save the above code to a file, for example /tmp/passthrough.xml, and execute the following commands. Remember to replace eth0 with the real network interface name of your SR-IOV device's PF:

virsh net-define /tmp/passthrough.xml
virsh net-autostart passthrough
virsh net-start passthrough

13.12.4.2 Configuring VM Guest to Use VF from the Pool

The following example of guest device interface definition uses a VF of the SR-IOV device from the pool created in Section 13.12.4.1, “Defining Network with Pool of VFs on VM Host Server”. libvirt automatically derives the list of all VFs associated with that PF the first time the guest is started.

<interface type='network'>
  <source network='passthrough'>
</interface>

To verify the list of associated VFs, run virsh net-dumpxml passthrough on the host after the first guest that uses the network with the pool of VFs starts.

<network connections='1'>
  <name>passthrough</name>
  <uuid>a6a26429-d483-d4ed-3465-4436ac786437</uuid>
  <forward mode='hostdev' managed='yes'>
    <pf dev='eth0'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x10' function='0x1'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x10' function='0x3'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x10' function='0x5'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x10' function='0x7'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x11' function='0x1'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x11' function='0x3'/>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x02' slot='0x11' function='0x5'/>
  </forward>
  </network>

Part III Hypervisor-Independent Features

14 Disk Cache Modes

15 VM Guest Clock Settings

Keeping the correct time in a VM Guest is one of the more difficult aspects of virtualization. Keeping the correct time is especially important for network applications and is also a prerequisite to do a live migration of a VM Guest.

16 libguestfs

Virtual Machines consist of disk images and definition files. Manually accessing and manipulating these guest components (outside of normal hypervisor processes) is possible, but inherently dangerous and risks compromising data integrity. libguestfs is a C library and corresponding set of tools designed for safely accessing and modifying Virtual Machine disk images - outside of normal hypervisor processes, but without the risk normally associated with manual editing.

14 Disk Cache Modes

14.1 Disk Interface Cache Modes

Hypervisors allow for various storage caching strategies to be specified when configuring a VM Guest. Each guest disk interface can have one of the following cache modes specified: writethrough, writeback, none, directsync, or unsafe. If no cache mode is specified, an appropriate default cache mode is used. These cache modes influence how host-based storage is accessed, as follows:

  • Read/write data may be cached in the host page cache.

  • The guest's storage controller is informed whether a write cache is present, allowing for the use of a flush command.

  • Synchronous write mode may be used, in which write requests are reported complete only when committed to the storage device.

  • Flush commands (generated by the guest storage controller) may be ignored for performance reasons.

If a disorderly disconnection between the guest and its storage occurs, the cache mode in use will affect whether data loss occurs. The cache mode can also affect disk performance significantly. Additionally, some cache modes are incompatible with live migration, depending on several factors. There are no simple rules about what combination of cache mode, disk image format, image placement, or storage sub-system is best. The user should plan each guest's configuration carefully and experiment with various configurations to determine the optimal performance.

14.2 Description of Cache Modes

cache mode unspecified

In older QEMU versions, not specifying a cache mode meant that writethrough would be used as the default. With modern versions—as shipped with openSUSE Leap— the various guest storage interfaces have been fixed to handle writeback or writethrough semantics more correctly, allowing for the default caching mode to be switched to writeback. The guest driver for each of ide, scsi, and virtio have within their power to disable the write back cache, causing the caching mode used to revert to writethrough. The typical guest's storage drivers will maintain the default caching mode as writeback, however.

writethrough

This mode causes the hypervisor to interact with the disk image file or block device with O_DSYNC semantics, where writes are reported as completed only when the data has been committed to the storage device. The host page cache is used in what can be termed a writethrough caching mode. The guest's virtual storage adapter is informed that there is no writeback cache, so the guest would not need to send down flush commands to manage data integrity. The storage behaves as if there is a writethrough cache.

writeback

This mode causes the hypervisor to interact with the disk image file or block device with neither O_DSYNC nor O_DIRECT semantics, so the host page cache is used and writes are reported to the guest as completed when they are placed in the host page cache. The normal page cache management will handle commitment to the storage device. Additionally, the guest's virtual storage adapter is informed of the writeback cache, so the guest would be expected to send down flush commands as needed to manage data integrity. Analogous to a raid controller with RAM cache.

none

This mode causes the hypervisor to interact with the disk image file or block device with O_DIRECT semantics, so the host page cache is bypassed and I/O happens directly between the hypervisor user space buffers and the storage device. Because the actual storage device may report a write as completed when placed in its write queue only, the guest's virtual storage adapter is informed that there is a writeback cache. The guest would be expected to send down flush commands as needed to manage data integrity. Performance-wise, it is equivalent to direct access to your host's disk.

unsafe

This mode is similar to the writeback mode discussed above. The key aspect of this unsafe mode, is that all flush commands from the guests are ignored. Using this mode implies that the user has accepted the trade-off of performance over risk of data loss in case of a host failure. Useful, for example, during guest installation, but not for production workloads.

directsync

This mode causes the hypervisor to interact with the disk image file or block device with both O_DSYNC and O_DIRECT semantics. This means, writes are reported as completed only when the data has been committed to the storage device, and when it is also desirable to bypass the host page cache. Like writethrough, it is helpful to guests that do not send flushes when needed. It was the last cache mode added, completing the possible combinations of caching and direct access semantics.

14.3 Data Integrity Implications of Cache Modes

writethrough, none, directsync

These are the safest modes, and considered equally safe, given that the guest operating system is modern and well behaved, which means that it uses flushes as needed. If you have a suspect guest, use writethough, or directsync. Note that some file systems are not compatible with none or directsync, as they do not support O_DIRECT, which these cache modes rely on.

writeback

This mode informs the guest of the presence of a write cache, and relies on the guest to send flush commands as needed to maintain data integrity within its disk image. This is a common storage design which is completely accounted for within modern file systems. But it should be noted that because there is a window of time between the time a write is reported as completed, and that write being committed to the storage device, this mode exposes the guest to data loss in the unlikely case of a host failure.

unsafe

This mode is similar to writeback caching except the guest flush commands are ignored, nullifying the data integrity control of these flush commands, and resulting in a higher risk of data loss because of host failure. The name unsafe should serve as a warning that there is a much higher potential for data loss because of a host failure than with the other modes. Note that as the guest terminates, the cached data is flushed at that time.

14.4 Performance Implications of Cache Modes

The choice to make full use of the page cache, or to write through it, or to bypass it altogether can have dramatic performance implications. Other factors that influence disk performance include the capabilities of the actual storage system, what disk image format is used, the potential size of the page cache and the IO scheduler used. Additionally, not flushing the write cache increases performance, but with risk, as noted above. As a general rule, high-end systems typically perform best with the cache mode none, because of the reduced data copying that occurs. The potential benefit of having multiple guests share the common host page cache, the ratio of reads to writes, and the use of AIO mode native (see below) should also be considered.

14.5 Effect of Cache Modes on Live Migration

The caching of storage data and metadata restricts the configurations that support live migration. Currently, only raw, qcow2 and qed image formats can be used for live migration. If a clustered file system is used, all cache modes support live migration. Otherwise the only cache mode that supports live migration on read/write shared storage is none.

The libvirt management layer includes checks for migration compatibility based on several factors. If the guest storage is hosted on a clustered file system, is read-only or is marked shareable, then the cache mode is ignored when determining if migration can be allowed. Otherwise libvirt will not allow migration unless the cache mode is set to none. However, this restriction can be overridden with the unsafe option to the migration APIs, which is also supported by virsh, as for example in

virsh migrate --live --unsafe
Tip
Tip

The cache mode none is required for the AIO mode setting native. If another cache mode is used, then the AIO mode will silently be switched back to the default threads. The guest flush within the host is implemented using fdatasync().

15 VM Guest Clock Settings

Abstract

Keeping the correct time in a VM Guest is one of the more difficult aspects of virtualization. Keeping the correct time is especially important for network applications and is also a prerequisite to do a live migration of a VM Guest.

Tip
Tip: Timekeeping on the VM Host Server

It is strongly recommended to ensure the VM Host Server keeps the correct time as well, for example, by using NTP (see Book “Reference”, Chapter 18 “Time Synchronization with NTP” for more information).

15.1 KVM: Using kvm_clock

KVM provides a paravirtualized clock which is supported via the kvm_clock driver. It is strongly recommended to use kvm_clock.

Use the following command inside a VM Guest running Linux to check whether the driver kvm_clock has been loaded:

tux > sudo dmesg | grep kvm-clock
[    0.000000] kvm-clock: cpu 0, msr 0:7d3a81, boot clock
[    0.000000] kvm-clock: cpu 0, msr 0:1206a81, primary cpu clock
[    0.012000] kvm-clock: cpu 1, msr 0:1306a81, secondary cpu clock
[    0.160082] Switching to clocksource kvm-clock

To check which clock source is currently used, run the following command in the VM Guest. It should output kvm-clock:

cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource
Important
Important: kvm-clock and NTP

When using kvm-clock, it is recommended to use NTP in the VM Guest, as well. Using NTP on the VM Host Server is also recommended.

15.1.1 Other Timekeeping Methods

The paravirtualized kvm-clock is currently not for Windows* operating systems. For Windows*, use the Windows Time Service Tools for time synchronization (see http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc773263%28WS.10%29.aspx for more information).

15.2 Xen Virtual Machine Clock Settings

With Xen 4, the independent wallclock setting /proc/sys/xen/independent_wallclock used for time synchronization between Xen host and guest was removed. A new configuration option tsc_mode was introduced. It specifies a method of utilizing the timestamp counter to synchronize the guest time with the Xen server. Its default value '0' handles the vast majority of hardware and software environments.

Note
Note

OES 2 NetWare virtual machines manage clock time independently after booting. They do not synchronize with the host clock time.

For more details on tsc_mode, see the xen-tscmode manual page (man 7 xen-tscmode).

16 libguestfs

Abstract

Virtual Machines consist of disk images and definition files. Manually accessing and manipulating these guest components (outside of normal hypervisor processes) is possible, but inherently dangerous and risks compromising data integrity. libguestfs is a C library and corresponding set of tools designed for safely accessing and modifying Virtual Machine disk images - outside of normal hypervisor processes, but without the risk normally associated with manual editing.

16.1 VM Guest Manipulation Overview

16.1.1 VM Guest Manipulation Risk

As disk images and definition files are simply another type of file in a Linux environment, it is possible to use many tools to access, edit and write to these files. When used correctly, such tools can be an important part of guest administration. However, even correct usage of these tools is not without risk. Risks that should be considered when manually manipulating guest disk images include:

  • Data Corruption: Concurrently accessing images, by the host machine or another node in a cluster, can cause changes to be lost or data corruption to occur if virtualization protection layers are bypassed.

  • Security: Mounting disk images as loop devices requires root access. While an image is loop mounted, other users and processes can potentially access the disk contents.

  • Administrator Error: Bypassing virtualization layers correctly requires advanced understanding of virtual components and tools. Failing to isolate the images or failing to clean up properly after changes have been made can lead to further problems once back in virtualization control.

16.1.2 libguestfs Design

libguestfs C library has been designed to safely and securely create, access and modify virtual machine (VM Guest) disk images. It also provides additional language bindings: for Perl, Python, PHP (only for 64-bit machines), and Ruby. libguestfs can access VM Guest disk images without needing root and with multiple layers of defense against rogue disk images.

libguestfs provides many tools designed for accessing and modifying VM Guest disk images and contents. These tools provide such capabilities as: viewing and editing files inside guests, scripting changes to VM Guests, monitoring disk used/free statistics, creating guests, doing V2V or P2V migrations, performing backups, cloning VM Guests, formatting disks, and resizing disks.

Warning
Warning: Best Practices

You must not use libguestfs tools on live virtual machines. Doing so will probably result in disk corruption in the VM Guest. libguestfs tools try to stop you from doing this, but cannot catch all cases.

However most command have the --ro (read-only) option. With this option, you can attach a command to a live virtual machine. The results might be strange or inconsistent at times but you will not risk disk corruption.

16.2 Package Installation

libguestfs is shipped through 4 packages:

  • libguestfs0: which provides the main C library

  • guestfs-data: which contains the appliance files used when launching images (stored in /usr/lib64/guestfs)

  • guestfs-tools: the core guestfs tools, man pages, and the /etc/libguestfs-tools.conf configuration file.

  • guestfs-winsupport: provides support for Windows file guests in the guestfs tools. This package only needs to be installed to handle Windows guests, for example when converting a Windows guest to KVM.

To install guestfs tools on your system run:

zypper in guestfs-tools

16.3 Guestfs Tools

16.3.1 Modifying Virtual Machines

The set of tools found within the guestfs-tools package is used for accessing and modifying virtual machine disk images. This functionality is provided through a familiar shell interface with built-in safeguards which ensure image integrity. Guestfs tools shells expose all capabilities of the guestfs API, and create an appliance on the fly using the packages installed on the machine and the files found in /usr/lib4/guestfs.

16.3.2 Supported File Systems and Disk Images

Guestfs tools support various file systems including:

  • Ext2, Ext3, Ext4

  • Xfs

  • Btrfs

Multiple disk image formats are also supported:

  • raw

  • qcow2

Warning
Warning: Unsupported File System

Guestfs may also support Windows* file systems (VFAT, NTFS), BSD* and Apple* file systems, and other disk image formats (VMDK, VHDX...). However, these file systems and disk image formats are unsupported on SUSE Linux Enterprise.

16.3.3 virt-rescue

virt-rescue is similar to a rescue CD, but for virtual machines, and without the need for a CD. virt-rescue presents users with a rescue shell and some simple recovery tools which can be used to examine and correct problems within a virtual machine or disk image.

tux >  virt-rescue -a sles.qcow2
Welcome to virt-rescue, the libguestfs rescue shell.

Note: The contents of / are the rescue appliance.
You need to mount the guest's partitions under /sysroot
before you can examine them. A helper script for that exists:
mount-rootfs-and-do-chroot.sh /dev/sda2

><rescue>
[   67.194384] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounting ext3 file system
using the ext4 subsystem
[   67.199292] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data
mode. Opts: (null)
mount: /dev/sda1 mounted on /sysroot.
mount: /dev bound on /sysroot/dev.
mount: /dev/pts bound on /sysroot/dev/pts.
mount: /proc bound on /sysroot/proc.
mount: /sys bound on /sysroot/sys.
Directory: /root
Thu Jun  5 13:20:51 UTC 2014
(none):~ #

You are now running the VM Guest in rescue mode:

(none):~ # cat /etc/fstab
devpts  /dev/pts          devpts  mode=0620,gid=5 0 0
proc    /proc             proc    defaults        0 0
sysfs   /sys              sysfs   noauto          0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs noauto          0 0
usbfs   /proc/bus/usb     usbfs   noauto          0 0
tmpfs   /run              tmpfs   noauto          0 0
/dev/disk/by-id/ata-QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00001-part1 / ext3 defaults 1 1

16.3.4 virt-resize

virt-resize is used to resize a virtual machine disk, making it larger or smaller overall, and resizing or deleting any partitions contained within.

Procedure 16.1: Expanding a Disk

Full step-by-step example: How to expand a virtual machine disk

  1. First, with virtual machine powered off, determine the size of the partitions available on this virtual machine:

    tux >  virt-filesystems --long --parts --blkdevs -h -a sles.qcow2
    Name       Type       MBR  Size  Parent
    /dev/sda1  partition  83   16G   /dev/sda
    /dev/sda   device     -    16G   -
  2. virt-resize cannot do in-place disk modifications—there must be sufficient space to store the resized output disk. Use the truncate command to create a file of suitable size:

    tux >  truncate -s 32G outdisk.img
  3. Use virt-resize to resize the disk image. virt-resize requires two mandatory parameters for the input and output images:

    tux >  virt-resize --expand /dev/sda1 sles.qcow2 outdisk.img
    Examining sles.qcow2 ...
    **********
    Summary of changes:
    
    /dev/sda1: This partition will be resized from 16,0G to 32,0G.  The
        filesystem ext3 on /dev/sda1 will be expanded using the 'resize2fs'
        method.
    
    **********
    Setting up initial partition table on outdisk.img ...
    Copying /dev/sda1 ...
    ◐ 84%
    ⟦▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒════════⟧ 00:03
    Expanding /dev/sda1 using the 'resize2fs' method ...
    
    Resize operation completed with no errors.  Before deleting the old
    disk, carefully check that the resized disk boots and works correctly.
  4. Confirm the image was resized properly:

    tux >  virt-filesystems --long --parts --blkdevs -h -a outdisk.img
    Name       Type       MBR  Size  Parent
    /dev/sda1  partition  83   32G   /dev/sda
    /dev/sda   device     -    32G   -
  5. Bring up the VM Guest using the new disk image and confirm correct operation before deleting the old image.

16.3.5 Other virt-* Tools

There are guestfs tools to simplify administrative tasks—such as viewing and editing files, or obtaining information on the virtual machine.

16.3.5.1 virt-filesystems

This tool is used to report information regarding file systems, partitions, and logical volumes in a disk image or virtual machine.

tux >  virt-filesystems -l -a sles.qcow2
Name       Type        VFS   Label  Size         Parent
/dev/sda1  filesystem  ext3  -      17178820608  -

16.3.5.2 virt-ls

virt-ls lists file names, file sizes, checksums, extended attributes and more from a virtual machine or disk image. Multiple directory names can be given, in which case the output from each is concatenated. To list directories from a libvirt guest, use the -d option to specify the name of the guest. For a disk image, use the -a option.

tux >  virt-ls -h -lR -a sles.qcow2 /var/log/
d 0755        776 /var/log
- 0640          0 /var/log/NetworkManager
- 0644        23K /var/log/Xorg.0.log
- 0644        23K /var/log/Xorg.0.log.old
d 0700        482 /var/log/YaST2
- 0644        512 /var/log/YaST2/_dev_vda
- 0644         59 /var/log/YaST2/arch.info
- 0644        473 /var/log/YaST2/config_diff_2017_05_03.log
- 0644       5.1K /var/log/YaST2/curl_log
- 0644       1.5K /var/log/YaST2/disk_vda.info
- 0644       1.4K /var/log/YaST2/disk_vda.info-1
[...]

16.3.5.3 virt-cat

virt-cat is a command line tool to display the contents of a file that exists in the named virtual machine (or disk image). Multiple file names can be given, in which case they are concatenated together. Each file name must be a full path, starting at the root directory (starting with '/').

tux >  virt-cat -a sles.qcow2 /etc/fstab
devpts /dev/pts devpts mode=0620,gid=5 0 0
proc   /proc    proc   defaults        0 0

16.3.5.4 virt-df

virt-df is a command line tool to display free space on virtual machine file systems. Unlike other tools, it does not just display the size of disk allocated to a virtual machine, but can look inside disk images to show how much space is actually being used.

tux >  virt-df -a sles.qcow2
Filesystem                           1K-blocks       Used  Available  Use%
sles.qcow2:/dev/sda1                  16381864     520564   15022492  4%

16.3.5.5 virt-edit

virt-edit is a command line tool capable of editing files that reside in the named virtual machine (or disk image).

16.3.5.6 virt-tar-in/out

virt-tar-in unpacks an uncompressed TAR archive into a virtual machine disk image or named libvirt domain. virt-tar-out packs a virtual machine disk image directory into a TAR archive.

tux >  virt-tar-out -a sles.qcow2 /home homes.tar

16.3.5.7 virt-copy-in/out

virt-copy-in copies files and directories from the local disk into a virtual machine disk image or named libvirt domain. virt-copy-out copies files and directories out of a virtual machine disk image or named libvirt domain.

tux >  virt-copy-in -a sles.qcow2 data.tar /tmp/
virt-ls -a sles.qcow2 /tmp/
.ICE-unix
.X11-unix
data.tar

16.3.5.8 virt-log

virt-log shows the log files of the named libvirt domain, virtual machine or disk image. If the package guestfs-winsupport is installed it can also show the event log of a Windows virtual machine disk image.

tux >  virt-log -a windows8.qcow2
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes" ?>
<Events>
<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event"><System><Provider Name="EventLog"></Provider>
<EventID Qualifiers="32768">6011</EventID>
<Level>4</Level>
<Task>0</Task>
<Keywords>0x0080000000000000</Keywords>
<TimeCreated SystemTime="2014-09-12 05:47:21"></TimeCreated>
<EventRecordID>1</EventRecordID>
<Channel>System</Channel>
<Computer>windows-uj49s6b</Computer>
<Security UserID=""></Security>
</System>
<EventData><Data><string>WINDOWS-UJ49S6B</string>
<string>WIN-KG190623QG4</string>
</Data>
<Binary></Binary>
</EventData>
</Event>

...

16.3.6 guestfish

guestfish is a shell and command line tool for examining and modifying virtual machine file systems. It uses libguestfs and exposes all of the functionality of the guestfs API.

Examples of usage:

tux >  guestfish -a disk.img <<EOF
run
list-filesystems
EOF
guestfish

Welcome to guestfish, the guest filesystem shell for
editing virtual machine filesystems and disk images.

Type: 'help' for help on commands
      'man' to read the manual
      'quit' to quit the shell

><fs> add sles.qcow2
><fs> run
><fs> list-filesystems
/dev/sda1: ext3
><fs> mount /dev/sda1 /
 cat /etc/fstab
devpts  /dev/pts          devpts  mode=0620,gid=5 0 0
proc    /proc             proc    defaults        0 0
sysfs   /sys              sysfs   noauto          0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs noauto          0 0
usbfs   /proc/bus/usb     usbfs   noauto          0 0
tmpfs   /run              tmpfs   noauto          0 0
/dev/disk/by-id/ata-QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00001-part1 / ext3 defaults 1 1

16.3.7 Converting a Physical Machine into a KVM Guest

Libguestfs provides tools to help converting Xen virtual machines or physical machines into KVM guests. The following section will cover a special use case: converting a bare metal machine into a KVM one.

Converting a physical machine into a KVM one is not yet supported in openSUSE Leap. This feature is released as a technology preview only.

Converting a physical machine requires collecting information about it and transmitting this to a conversion server. This is achieved by running a live system prepared with virt-p2v and kiwi tools on the machine.

Procedure 16.2: Using virt-p2v
  1. Install the needed packages with the command:

    root # zypper in virt-p2v kiwi-desc-isoboot
    Note
    Note

    These steps will document how to create an ISO image to create a bootable DVD. Alternatively, you can create a PXE boot image instead; for more information about building PXE images with kiwi, see man virt-p2v-make-kiwi.

  2. Create a kiwi configuration:

    tux > virt-p2v-make-kiwi -o /tmp/p2v.kiwi

    The -o defines where to create the kiwi configuration.

  3. Edit the config.xml file in the generated configuration if needed. For example, in config.xml adjust the keyboard layout of the live system.

  4. Build the ISO image with kiwi:

    tux >  kiwi --build /tmp/p2v.kiwi1 \
         -d /tmp/build2 \
         --ignore-repos \
         --add-repo http://URL/TO/SLE/REPOSITORIES3 \
         --type iso

    1

    The directory where the kiwi configuration was generated in the previous step.

    2

    The directory where kiwi will place the generated ISO image and other intermediary build results.

    3

    The URLs to the package repositories as found with zypper lr -d.

    Use one --add-repo parameter per repository.

  5. Burn the ISO on a DVD or a USB stick. With such a medium, boot the machine to be converted.

  6. Once the system is started, you will be asked for the connection details of the conversion server. This server is a machine with the virt-v2v package installed.

    If the network setup is more complex than a DHCP client, click the Configure network button to open the YaST network configuration dialog.

    Click the Test connection button to allow moving to the next page of the wizard.

  7. Select the disks and network interfaces to be converted and define the VM data like the amount of allocated CPUs, memory and the Virtual Machine name.

    Note
    Note

    If not defined, the created disk image format will be raw by default. This can be changed by entering the desired format in the Output format field.

    There are two possibilities to generate the virtual machine: either using the local or the libvirt output. The first one will place the Virtual Machine disk image and configuration in the path defined in the Output storage field. These can then be used to define a new libvirt-handled guest using virsh. The second method will create a new libvirt-handled guest with the disk image placed in the pool defined in the Output storage field.

    Click Start conversion to start it.

16.4 Troubleshooting

16.4.1 Btrfs-related Problems

When using the guestfs tools on an image with Btrfs root partition (the default with openSUSE Leap) the following error message may be displayed:

tux > virt-ls -a /path/to/sles12sp2.qcow2 /
virt-ls: multi-boot operating systems are not supported

If using guestfish '-i' option, remove this option and instead
use the commands 'run' followed by 'list-filesystems'.
You can then mount filesystems you want by hand using the
'mount' or 'mount-ro' command.

If using guestmount '-i', remove this option and choose the
filesystem(s) you want to see by manually adding '-m' option(s).
Use 'virt-filesystems' to see what filesystems are available.

If using other virt tools, multi-boot operating systems won't work
with these tools.  Use the guestfish equivalent commands
(see the virt tool manual page).

This is usually caused by the presence of snapshots in the guests. In this case guestfs does not know which snapshot to bootstrap. To force the use of a snapshot, use the -m parameter as follows:

tux > virt-ls -m /dev/sda2:/:subvol=@/.snapshots/2/snapshot -a /path/to/sles12sp2.qcow2 /

16.4.2 Environment

When troubleshooting problems within a libguestfs appliance, the environment variable LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG=1 can be used to enable debug messages. To output each command/API call in a format that is similar to guestfish commands, use the environment variable LIBGUESTFS_TRACE=1.

16.4.3 libguestfs-test-tool

libguestfs-test-tool is a test program that checks if basic libguestfs functionality is working. It will print a large amount of diagnostic messages and details of the guestfs environment, then create a test image and try to start it. If it runs to completion successfully, the following message should be seen near the end:

===== TEST FINISHED OK =====

16.5 External References

Part IV Managing Virtual Machines with Xen

17 Setting Up a Virtual Machine Host

This section documents how to set up and use openSUSE Leap 42.3 as a virtual machine host.

18 Virtual Networking

A VM Guest system needs some means to communicate either with other VM Guest systems or with a local network. The network interface to the VM Guest system is made of a split device driver, which means that any virtual Ethernet device has a corresponding network interface in Dom0. This interface is s…

19 Managing a Virtualization Environment

Apart from using the recommended libvirt library (Part II, “Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt), you can manage Xen guest domains with the xl tool from the command line.

20 Block Devices in Xen

21 Virtualization: Configuration Options and Settings

The documentation in this section, describes advanced management tasks and configuration options that might help technology innovators implement leading-edge virtualization solutions. It is provided as a courtesy and does not imply that all documented options and tasks are supported by Novell, Inc.

22 Administrative Tasks

23 XenStore: Configuration Database Shared between Domains

This section introduces basic information about XenStore, its role in the Xen environment, the directory structure of files used by XenStore, and the description of XenStore's commands.

24 Xen as a High-Availability Virtualization Host

Setting up two Xen hosts as a failover system has several advantages compared to a setup where every server runs on dedicated hardware.

17 Setting Up a Virtual Machine Host

This section documents how to set up and use openSUSE Leap 42.3 as a virtual machine host.

Usually, the hardware requirements for the Dom0 are the same as those for the openSUSE Leap operating system, but additional CPU, disk, memory, and network resources should be added to accommodate the resource demands of all planned VM Guest systems.

Tip
Tip: Resources

Remember that VM Guest systems, like physical machines, perform better when they run on faster processors and have access to more system memory.

The virtual machine host requires several software packages and their dependencies to be installed. To install all necessary packages, run YaST Software Management, select View › Patterns and choose Xen Virtual Machine Host Server for installation. The installation can also be performed with YaST using the module Virtualization › Install Hypervisor and Tools.

After the Xen software is installed, restart the computer and, on the boot screen, choose the newly added option with the Xen kernel.

Updates are available through your update channel. To be sure to have the latest updates installed, run YaST Online Update after the installation has finished.

17.1 Best Practices and Suggestions

When installing and configuring the openSUSE Leap operating system on the host, be aware of the following best practices and suggestions:

  • If the host should always run as Xen host, run YaST System › Boot Loader and activate the Xen boot entry as default boot section.

    • In YaST, click System > Boot Loader.

    • Change the default boot to the Xen label, then click Set as Default.

    • Click Finish.

  • For best performance, only the applications and processes required for virtualization should be installed on the virtual machine host.

  • When using both iSCSI and OCFS2 to host Xen images, the latency required for OCFS2 default timeouts in openSUSE Leap may not be met. To reconfigure this timeout, run systemctl configure o2cb or edit O2CB_HEARTBEAT_THRESHOLD in the system configuration.

  • If you intend to use a watchdog device attached to the Xen host, use only one at a time. It is recommended to use a driver with actual hardware integration over a generic software one.

Note
Note: Hardware Monitoring

The Dom0 kernel is running virtualized, so tools like irqbalance or lscpu will not reflect the real hardware characteristics.

17.2 Managing Dom0 Memory

When the host is set up, a percentage of system memory is reserved for the hypervisor, and all remaining memory is automatically allocated to Dom0.

A better solution is to set a default amount of memory for Dom0, so the memory can be allocated appropriately to the hypervisor. An adequate amount would be 20 percent of the total system memory up to 4 GiB. A recommended minimum amount would be 512 MiB

Warning
Warning: Minimum amount of Memory

The minimum amount of memory heavily depends on how many VM Guest(s) the host should handle. So be sure you have enough memory to support all your VM Guests. If the value is too low, the host system may hang when multiple VM Guests use most of the memory.

17.2.1 Setting a Maximum Amount of Memory

  1. Determine the amount of memory to set for Dom0.

  2. At Dom0, type xl info to view the amount of memory that is available on the machine. The memory that is currently allocated by Dom0 can be determined with the command xl list.

  3. Run YaST › Boot Loader.

  4. Select the Xen section.

  5. In Additional Xen Hypervisor Parameters, add dom0_mem=MEM_AMOUNT where MEM_AMOUNT is the maximum amount of memory to allocate to Dom0. Add K, M, or G, to specify the size, for example, dom0_mem=768M.

  6. Restart the computer to apply the changes.

Warning
Warning: Xen Dom0 Memory

When using the XL tool stack and the dom0_mem= option for the Xen hypervisor in GRUB 2 you need to disable xl autoballoon in etc/xen/xl.conf, otherwise launching VMs will fail with errors about not being able to balloon down Dom0. So add autoballoon=0 to xl.conf if you have the dom0_mem= option specified for Xen. Also see Xen dom0 memory

17.3 Network Card in Fully Virtualized Guests

In a fully virtualized guest, the default network card is an emulated Realtek network card. However, it also possible to use the split network driver to run the communication between Dom0 and a VM Guest. By default, both interfaces are presented to the VM Guest, because the drivers of some operating systems require both to be present.

When using openSUSE Leap, only the paravirtualized network cards are available for the VM Guest by default. The following network options are available:

emulated

To use an emulated network interface like an emulated Realtek card, specify type=ioemu in the vif device section of the domain xl configuration. An example configuration would look like:

vif = [ 'type=ioemu,mac=00:16:3e:5f:48:e4,bridge=br0' ]

Find more details about the xl configuration in the xl.conf manual page man 5 xl.conf.

paravirtualized

When you specify type=vif and do not specify a model or type, the paravirtualized network interface is used:

vif = [ 'type=vif,mac=00:16:3e:5f:48:e4,bridge=br0,backen=0' ]
emulated and paravirtualized

If the administrator should be offered both options, simply specify both type and model. The xl configuration would look like:

vif = [ 'type=ioemu,mac=00:16:3e:5f:48:e4,model=rtl8139,bridge=br0' ]

In this case, one of the network interfaces should be disabled on the VM Guest.

17.4 Starting the Virtual Machine Host

If virtualization software is correctly installed, the computer boots to display the GRUB 2 boot loader with a Xen option on the menu. Select this option to start the virtual machine host.

Note
Note: Xen and Kdump

In Xen, the hypervisor manages the memory resource. If you need to reserve system memory for a recovery kernel in Dom0, this memory need to be reserved by the hypervisor. Thus, it is necessary to add the parameter crashkernel=size to the kernel line instead of using the line with the other boot options.

For more information on the crashkernel parameter, see Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide”, Chapter 17 “Kexec and Kdump”, Section 17.4 “Calculating crashkernel Allocation Size”.

If the Xen option is not on the GRUB 2 menu, review the steps for installation and verify that the GRUB 2 boot loader has been updated. If the installation has been done without selecting the Xen pattern, run the YaST Software Management, select the filter Patterns and choose Xen Virtual Machine Host Server for installation.

After booting the hypervisor, the Dom0 virtual machine starts and displays its graphical desktop environment. If you did not install a graphical desktop, the command line environment appears.

Tip
Tip: Graphics Problems

Sometimes it may happen that the graphics system does not work properly. In this case, add vga=ask to the boot parameters. To activate permanent settings, use vga=mode-0x??? where ??? is calculated as 0x100 + VESA mode from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA_BIOS_Extensions, for example vga=mode-0x361.

Before starting to install virtual guests, make sure that the system time is correct. To do this, configure NTP (Network Time Protocol) on the controlling domain:

  1. In YaST select Network Services › NTP Configuration.

  2. Select the option to automatically start the NTP daemon during boot. Provide the IP address of an existing NTP time server, then click Finish.

Note
Note: Time Services on Virtual Guests

Hardware clocks commonly are not very precise. All modern operating systems try to correct the system time compared to the hardware time by means of an additional time source. To get the correct time on all VM Guest systems, also activate the network time services on each respective guest or make sure that the guest uses the system time of the host. For more about Independent Wallclocks in openSUSE Leap see Section 15.2, “Xen Virtual Machine Clock Settings”.

For more information about managing virtual machines, see Chapter 19, Managing a Virtualization Environment.

17.5 PCI Pass-Through

To take full advantage of VM Guest systems, it is sometimes necessary to assign specific PCI devices to a dedicated domain. When using fully virtualized guests, this functionality is only available if the chipset of the system supports this feature, and if it is activated from the BIOS.

This feature is available from both AMD* and Intel*. For AMD machines, the feature is called IOMMU; in Intel speak, this is VT-d. Note that Intel-VT technology is not sufficient to use this feature for fully virtualized guests. To make sure that your computer supports this feature, ask your supplier specifically to deliver a system that supports PCI Pass-Through.

Limitations
  • Some graphics drivers use highly optimized ways to access DMA. This is not supported, and thus using graphics cards may be difficult.

  • When accessing PCI devices behind a PCIe bridge, all of the PCI devices must be assigned to a single guest. This limitation does not apply to PCIe devices.

  • Guests with dedicated PCI devices cannot be migrated live to a different host.

The configuration of PCI Pass-Through is twofold. First, the hypervisor must be informed at boot time that a PCI device should be available for reassigning. Second, the PCI device must be assigned to the VM Guest.

17.5.1 Configuring the Hypervisor for PCI Pass-Through

  1. Select a device to reassign to a VM Guest. To do this, run lspci and read the device number. For example, if lspci contains the following line:

    06:01.0 Ethernet controller: Digital Equipment Corporation DECchip 21142/43 (rev 41)

    In this case, the PCI number is (06:01.0).

  2. Run YaST › System › Boot Loader.

  3. Select the Xen section and press Edit.

  4. Add the PCI number to the Optional Kernel Command Line Parameter line:

    pciback.hide=(06:01.0)
  5. Press OK and exit YaST.

  6. Reboot the system.

  7. Check if the device is in the list of assignable devices with the command

    xl pci-assignable-list

17.5.1.1 Dynamic Assignment with xl

To avoid restarting the host system, you can use dynamic assignment with xl to use PCI Pass-Through.

Begin by making sure that dom0 has the pciback module loaded:

modprobe pciback

Then make a device assignable by using xl pci-assignable-add. For example, to make the device 06:01.0 available for guests, run the command:

xl pci-assignable-add 06:01.0

17.5.2 Assigning PCI Devices to VM Guest Systems

There are several possibilities to dedicate a PCI device to a VM Guest:

Adding the device while installing:

During installation, add the pci line to the configuration file:

pci=['06:01.0']
Hotplugging PCI devices to VM Guest systems

The command xl can be used to add or remove PCI devices on the fly. To add the device with number 06:01.0 to a guest with name sles12 use:

xl pci-attach sles12 06:01.0
Adding the PCI device to Xend

To add the device to the guest permanently, add the following snippet to the guest configuration file:

pci = [ '06:01.0,power_mgmt=1,permissive=1' ]

After assigning the PCI device to the VM Guest, the guest system must care for the configuration and device drivers for this device.

17.5.3 VGA Pass-Through

Xen 4.0 and newer supports VGA graphics adapter pass-through on fully virtualized VM Guests. The guest can take full control of the graphics adapter with high-performance full 3D and video acceleration.

Limitations
  • VGA Pass-Through functionality is similar to PCI Pass-Through and as such also requires IOMMU (or Intel VT-d) support from the mainboard chipset and BIOS.

  • Only the primary graphics adapter (the one that is used when you power on the computer) can be used with VGA Pass-Through.

  • VGA Pass-Through is supported only for fully virtualized guests. Paravirtual guests (PV) are not supported.

  • The graphics card cannot be shared between multiple VM Guests using VGA Pass-Through — you can dedicate it to one guest only.

To enable VGA Pass-Through, add the following settings to your fully virtualized guest configuration file:

gfx_passthru=1
pci=['yy:zz.n']

where yy:zz.n is the PCI controller ID of the VGA graphics adapter as found with lspci -v on Dom0.

17.5.4 Troubleshooting

In some circumstances, problems may occur during the installation of the VM Guest. This section describes some known problems and their solutions.

During boot, the system hangs

The software I/O translation buffer allocates a large chunk of low memory early in the bootstrap process. If the requests for memory exceed the size of the buffer it usually results in a hung boot process. To check if this is the case, switch to console 10 and check the output there for a message similar to

kernel: PCI-DMA: Out of SW-IOMMU space for 32768 bytes at device 000:01:02.0

In this case you need to increase the size of the swiotlb. Add swiotlb=128 on the cmdline of Dom0. Note that the number can be adjusted up or down to find the optimal size for the machine.

Note
Note: swiotlb a PV guest

The swiotlb=force kernel parameter is required for DMA access to work for PCI devices on a PV guest. For more information about IOMMU and the swiotlb option see the file boot-options.txt from the package kernel-source.

17.6 USB Pass-Through with PVUSB

PVUSB is a new high performance method for USB Pass-Through from dom0 to the virtualized guests. PVUSB supports both USB 2.0 and USB 1.1 devices. PVUSB uses a paravirtualized front- and back-end interface. With PVUSB, there are two ways to add USB devices to a guest:

  • via the config file at domain creation time

  • via hotplug while the VM is running

PVUSB uses a paravirtualized front- and back-end interface. PVUSB supports USB 1.1 and USB 2.0, and it works for both PV and HVM guests. In order to use PVUSB, you need usbfront in your guest OS, and usbback in dom0 or usb backend in qemu. On openSUSE Leap, the usb backend comes with qemu.

Use lsusb to list the USB devices on the system:

root # lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0461:4d15 Primax Electronics, Ltd Dell Optical Mouse
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

To pass through the Dell mouse, for instance, specify either 0461:4d15 or 2.3 (you must remove leading zeros, otherwise xl would interpret the numbers as octal values).

As of Xen 4.7, xl PVUSB support and hotplug support is introduced.

In the configuration file, specify USB controllers and USB host devices with usbctrl and usbdev. For example, in case of HVM guests:

usbctrl=['type=qubs,version=2,ports=4', 'type=qubs,version=1,ports=4', ]
usbdev=['hostbus=2, hostaddr=1, controller=0,port=1', ]
Note
Note

It is important to specify type=qusb for the controller of HVM guests.

To manage hotpluggin PVUSB devices, use the usbctrl-attach, usbctrl-detach, usb-list, usbdev-attach and usb-detach subcommands. For example:

Create a USB controller which is version USB 1.1 and has 8 ports:

root # xl usbctrl-attach test_vm version=1 ports=8 type=qusb

Find the first available controller:port in the domain, and attach USB device whose busnum:devnum is 2:3 to it; you can also specify controller and port:

root # xl usbdev-attach test_vm hostbus=2 hostaddr=3

Show all USB controllers and USB devices in the domain:

root # xl usb-list test_vm
Devid  Type   BE  state usb-ver ports
0      qusb   0   1     1       8
  Port 1: Bus 002 Device 003
  Port 2:
  Port 3:
  Port 4:
  Port 5:
  Port 6:
  Port 7:
  Port 8:

Detach the USB device under controller 0 port 1:

root # xl usbdev-detach test_vm 0 1

Remove the USB controller with the indicated dev_id, and all USB devices under it:

root # xl usbctrl-detach test_vm dev_id

For more information, see https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Xen_USB_Passthrough.

18 Virtual Networking

A VM Guest system needs some means to communicate either with other VM Guest systems or with a local network. The network interface to the VM Guest system is made of a split device driver, which means that any virtual Ethernet device has a corresponding network interface in Dom0. This interface is set up to access a virtual network that is run in Dom0. The bridged virtual network is fully integrated into the system configuration of openSUSE Leap and can be configured with YaST.

When installing a Xen VM Host Server, a bridged network configuration will be proposed during normal network configuration. The user can choose to change the configuration during the installation and customize it to the local needs.

If desired, Xen VM Host Server can be installed after performing a default Physical Server installation using the Install Hypervisor and Tools module in YaST. This module will prepare the system for hosting virtual machines, including invocation of the default bridge networking proposal.

In case the necessary packages for a Xen VM Host Server are installed manually with rpm or zypper, the remaining system configuration needs to be done by the administrator manually or with YaST.

The network scripts that are provided by Xen are not used by default in openSUSE Leap. They are only delivered for reference but disabled. The network configuration that is used in openSUSE Leap is done by means of the YaST system configuration similar to the configuration of network interfaces in openSUSE Leap.

For more general information about managing network bridges, see Section 12.2, “Bridged Networking”.

18.1 Network Devices for Guest Systems

The Xen hypervisor can provide different types of network interfaces to the VM Guest systems. The preferred network device should be a paravirtualized network interface. This yields the highest transfer rates with the lowest system requirements. Up to eight network interfaces may be provided for each VM Guest.

Systems that are not aware of paravirtualized hardware may not have this option. To connect systems to a network that can only run fully virtualized, several emulated network interfaces are available. The following emulations are at your disposal:

  • Realtek 8139 (PCI). This is the default emulated network card.

  • AMD PCnet32 (PCI)

  • NE2000 (PCI)

  • NE2000 (ISA)

  • Intel e100 (PCI)

  • Intel e1000 and its variants e1000-82540em, e1000-82544gc, e1000-82545em (PCI)

All these network interfaces are software interfaces. Because every network interface must have a unique MAC address, an address range has been assigned to Xensource that can be used by these interfaces.

Tip
Tip: Virtual Network Interfaces and MAC Addresses

The default configuration of MAC addresses in virtualized environments creates a random MAC address that looks like 00:16:3E:xx:xx:xx. Normally, the amount of available MAC addresses should be big enough to get only unique addresses. However, if you have a very big installation, or to make sure that no problems arise from random MAC address assignment, you can also manually assign these addresses.

For debugging or system management purposes, it may be useful to know which virtual interface in Dom0 is connected to which Ethernet device in a running guest. This information may be read from the device naming in Dom0. All virtual devices follow the rule vif<domain number>.<interface_number>.

For example, if you want to know the device name for the third interface (eth2) of the VM Guest with id 5, the device in Dom0 would be vif5.2. To obtain a list of all available interfaces, run the command ip a.

The device naming does not contain any information about which bridge this interface is connected to. However, this information is available in Dom0. To get an overview about which interface is connected to which bridge, run the command brctl show. The output may look like the following:

# brctl show
bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
br0             8000.001cc0309083       no              eth0
                                                        vif2.1
br1             8000.000476f060cc       no              eth1
                                                        vif2.0
br2             8000.000000000000       no

In this example, there are three configured bridges: br0, br1 and br2. Currently, br0 and br1 each have a real Ethernet device added: eth0 and eth1, respectively. There is one VM Guest running with the ID 2 that has two Ethernet devices available. eth0 on the VM Guest is bridged with eth1 on the VM Host Server and eth1 on the VM Guest is connected to eth0 on the VM Host Server. The third bridge with the name br2 is not connected to any VM Guest nor any real Ethernet device.

18.2 Host-Based Routing in Xen

Xen can be set up to use host-based routing in the controlling Dom0. Unfortunately, this is not yet well supported from YaST and requires quite an amount of manual editing of configuration files. Thus, this is a task that requires an advanced administrator.

The following configuration will only work when using fixed IP addresses. Using DHCP is not practicable with this procedure, because the IP address must be known to both, the VM Guest and the VM Host Server system.

The easiest way to create a routed guest is to change the networking from a bridged to a routed network. As a requirement to the following procedures, a VM Guest with a bridged network setup must be installed. For example, the VM Host Server is named earth with the IP 192.168.1.20, and the VM Guest has the name alice with the IP 192.168.1.21.

Procedure 18.1: Configuring a routed IPv4 VM Guest
  1. Make sure that alice is shut down. Use xl commands to shut down and check.

  2. Prepare the network configuration on the VM Host Server earth:

    1. Create a hotplug interface that will be used to route the traffic. To accomplish this, create a file named /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-alice.0 with the following content:

      NAME="Xen guest alice"
      BOOTPROTO="static"
      STARTMODE="hotplug"
    2. Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/SuSEfirewall2 and add the following configurations:

      • Add alice.0 to the devices in FW_DEV_EXT:

        FW_DEV_EXT="br0 alice.0"
      • Switch on the routing in the firewall:

        FW_ROUTE="yes"
      • Tell the firewall which address should be forwarded:

        FW_FORWARD="192.168.1.21/32,0/0"
      • Finally, restart the firewall with the command:

        sudo systemctl restart SuSEfirewall2
    3. Add a static route to the interface of alice. To accomplish this, add the following line to the end of /etc/sysconfig/network/routes:

      192.168.1.21  -  -  alice.0
    4. To make sure that the switches and routers that the VM Host Server is connected to know about the routed interface, activate proxy_arp on earth. Add the following lines to /etc/sysctl.conf:

      net.ipv4.conf.default.proxy_arp = 1
      net.ipv4.conf.all.proxy_arp = 1
    5. Activate all changes with the commands:

      sudo systemctl restart systemd-sysctl wicked
  3. Proceed with configuring the Xen configuration of the VM Guest by changing the vif interface configuration for alice as described in Section 19.1, “XL—Xen Management Tool”. Make the following changes to the text file you generate during the process:

    1. Remove the snippet

      bridge=br0
    2. And add the following one:

      vifname=vifalice.0

      or

      vifname=vifalice.0=emu

      for a fully virtualized domain.

    3. Change the script that is used to set up the interface to the following:

      script=/etc/xen/scripts/vif-route-ifup
    4. Activate the new configuration and start the VM Guest.

  4. The remaining configuration tasks must be accomplished from inside the VM Guest.

    1. Open a console to the VM Guest with xl console DOMAIN and log in.

    2. Check that the guest IP is set to 192.168.1.21.

    3. Provide VM Guest with a host route and a default gateway to the VM Host Server. Do this by adding the following lines to /etc/sysconfig/network/routes:

      192.168.1.20 - - eth0
      default 192.168.1.20 - -
  5. Finally, test the network connection from the VM Guest to the world outside and from the network to your VM Guest.

18.3 Creating a Masqueraded Network Setup

Creating a masqueraded network setup is quite similar to the routed setup. However, there is no proxy_arp needed, and some firewall rules are different. To create a masqueraded network to a guest dolly with the IP address 192.168.100.1 where the host has its external interface on br0, proceed as follows. For easier configuration, only the already installed guest is modified to use a masqueraded network:

Procedure 18.2: Configuring a masqueraded IPv4 VM Guest
  1. Shut down the VM Guest system with xl shutdown DOMAIN.

  2. Prepare the network configuration on the VM Host Server:

    1. Create a hotplug interface that will be used to route the traffic. To accomplish this, create a file named /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-dolly.0 with the following content:

      NAME="Xen guest dolly"
      BOOTPROTO="static"
      STARTMODE="hotplug"
    2. Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/SuSEfirewall2 and add the following configurations:

      • Add dolly.0 to the devices in FW_DEV_DMZ:

        FW_DEV_DMZ="dolly.0"
      • Switch on the routing in the firewall:

        FW_ROUTE="yes"
      • Switch on masquerading in the firewall:

        FW_MASQUERADE="yes"
      • Tell the firewall which network should be masqueraded:

        FW_MASQ_NETS="192.168.100.1/32"
      • Remove the networks from the masquerading exceptions:

        FW_NOMASQ_NETS=""
      • Finally, restart the firewall with the command:

        sudo systemctl restart SuSEfirewall2
    3. Add a static route to the interface of dolly. To accomplish this, add the following line to the end of /etc/sysconfig/network/routes:

      192.168.100.1 - - dolly.0
    4. Activate all changes with the command:

      sudo systemctl restart wicked
  3. Proceed with configuring the Xen configuration of the VM Guest.

    1. Change the vif interface configuration for dolly as described in Section 19.1, “XL—Xen Management Tool”.

    2. Remove the entry:

      bridge=br0
    3. And add the following one:

      vifname=vifdolly.0
    4. Change the script that is used to set up the interface to the following:

      script=/etc/xen/scripts/vif-route-ifup
    5. Activate the new configuration and start the VM Guest.

  4. The remaining configuration tasks need to be accomplished from inside the VM Guest.

    1. Open a console to the VM Guest with xl console DOMAIN and log in.

    2. Check whether the guest IP is set to 192.168.100.1.

    3. Provide VM Guest with a host route and a default gateway to the VM Host Server. Do this by adding the following lines to /etc/sysconfig/network/routes:

      192.168.1.20 - - eth0
      default 192.168.1.20 - -
  5. Finally, test the network connection from the VM Guest to the outside world.

18.4 Special Configurations

There are many network configuration possibilities available to Xen. The following configurations are not activated by default:

18.4.1 Bandwidth Throttling in Virtual Networks

With Xen, you may limit the network transfer rate a virtual guest may use to access a bridge. To configure this, you need to modify the VM Guest configuration as described in Section 19.1, “XL—Xen Management Tool”.

In the configuration file, first search for the device that is connected to the virtual bridge. The configuration looks like the following:

vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3e:4f:94:a9,bridge=br0' ]

To add a maximum transfer rate, add a parameter rate to this configuration as in:

vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3e:4f:94:a9,bridge=br0,rate=100Mb/s' ]

Note that the rate is either Mb/s (megabits per second) or MB/s (megabytes per second). In the above example, the maximum transfer rate of the virtual interface is 100 megabits. By default, there is no limitation to the bandwidth of a guest to the virtual bridge.

It is even possible to fine-tune the behavior by specifying the time window that is used to define the granularity of the credit replenishment:

vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3e:4f:94:a9,bridge=br0,rate=100Mb/s@20ms' ]

18.4.2 Monitoring the Network Traffic

To monitor the traffic on a specific interface, the little application iftop is a nice program that displays the current network traffic in a terminal.

When running a Xen VM Host Server, you need to define the interface that is monitored. The interface that Dom0 uses to get access to the physical network is the bridge device, for example br0. This, however, may vary on your system. To monitor all traffic to the physical interface, run a terminal as root and use the command:

iftop -i br0

To monitor the network traffic of a special network interface of a specific VM Guest, supply the correct virtual interface. For example, to monitor the first Ethernet device of the domain with id 5, use the command:

ftop -i vif5.0

To quit iftop, press the key Q. More options and possibilities are available in the manual page man 8 iftop.

19 Managing a Virtualization Environment

Apart from using the recommended libvirt library (Part II, “Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt), you can manage Xen guest domains with the xl tool from the command line.

19.1 XL—Xen Management Tool

The xl program is a tool for managing Xen guest domains. It is part of the xen-tools package. xl is based on the LibXenlight library, and can be used for general domain management, such as domain creation, listing, pausing, or shutting down. Usually you need to be root to execute xl commands.

Note
Note

xl can only manage running guest domains specified by their configuration file. If a guest domain is not running, you cannot manage it with xl.

Tip
Tip

To allow users to continue to have managed guest domains in the way the obsolete xm command allowed, we now recommend using libvirt's virsh and virt-manager tools. For more information, see Part II, “Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt.

xl operations rely upon xenstored and xenconsoled services. Make sure you start

systemctl start xencommons

at boot time to initialize all the daemons required by xl.

Tip
Tip: Set up a xenbr0 Network Bridge in the Host Domain

In the most common network configuration, you need to set up a bridge in the host domain named xenbr0 to have a working network for the guest domains.

The basic structure of every xl command is:

xl <subcommand> [options] domain_id

where <subcommand> is the xl command to run, domain_id is the ID number assigned to a domain or the name of the virtual machine, and OPTIONS indicates subcommand-specific options.

For a complete list of the available xl subcommands, run xl help. For each command, there is a more detailed help available that is obtained with the extra parameter --help. More information about the respective subcommands is available in the manual page of xl.

For example, the xl list --help displays all options that are available to the list command. As an example, the xl list command displays the status of all virtual machines.

# xl list
Name                                 ID    Mem VCPUs        State   Time(s)
Domain-0                              0    457     2       r-----   2712.9
sles12                                7    512     1       -b----     16.3
opensuse                                   512     1                  12.9

The State information indicates if a machine is running, and in which state it is. The most common flags are r (running) and b (blocked) where blocked means it is either waiting for IO, or sleeping because there is nothing to do. For more details about the state flags, see man 1 xl.

Other useful xl commands include:

  • xl create creates a virtual machine from a given configuration file.

  • xl reboot reboots a virtual machine.

  • xl destroy immediately terminates a virtual machine.

  • xl block-list displays all virtual block devices attached to a virtual machine.

19.1.1 Guest Domain Configuration File

When operating domains, xl requires a domain configuration file for each domain. The default directory to store such configuration files is /etc/xen/.

A domain configuration file is a plain text file. It consists of several KEY=VALUE pairs. Some keys are mandatory, some are general and apply to any guest, and some apply only to a specific guest type (para or fully virtualized). A value can either be a "string" surrounded by single or double quotes, a number, a boolean value, or a list of several values enclosed in brackets [ value1, value2, ... ].

Example 19.1: Guest Domain Configuration File: /etc/xen/sled12.cfg
name= "sled12"
builder = "hvm"
vncviewer = 1
memory = 512
disk = [ '/var/lib/xen/images/sled12.raw,,hda', '/dev/cdrom,,hdc,cdrom' ]
vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3e:5f:48:e4,model=rtl8139,bridge=br0' ]
boot = "n"

To start such domain, run xl create /etc/xen/sled12.cfg.

19.2 Automatic Start of Guest Domains

To make a guest domain start automatically after the host system boots, follow these steps:

  1. Create the domain configuration file if it does not exist, and save it in the /etc/xen/ directory, for example /etc/xen/domain_name.cfg.

  2. Make a symbolic link of the guest domain configuration file in the auto/ subdirectory.

    ln -s /etc/xen/domain_name.cfg /etc/xen/auto/domain_name.cfg
  3. On the next system boot, the guest domain defined in domain_name.cfg will be started.

19.3 Event Actions

In the guest domain configuration file, you can define actions to be performed on a predefined set of events. For example, to tell the domain to restart itself after it is powered off, include the following line in its configuration file:

on_poweroff="restart"

A list of predefined events for a guest domain follows:

List of Events
on_poweroff

Specifies what should be done with the domain if it shuts itself down.

on_reboot

Action to take if the domain shuts down with a reason code requesting a reboot.

on_watchdog

Action to take if the domain shuts down because of a Xen watchdog timeout.

on_crash

Action to take if the domain crashes.

For these events, you can define one of the following actions:

List of Related Actions
destroy

Destroy the domain.

restart

Destroy the domain and immediately create a new domain with the same configuration.

rename-restart

Rename the domain that terminated, and then immediately create a new domain with the same configuration as the original.

preserve

Keep the domain. It can be examined, and later destroyed with xl destroy.

coredump-destroy

Write a core dump of the domain to /var/xen/dump/NAME and then destroy the domain.

coredump-restart

Write a core dump of the domain to /var/xen/dump/NAME and then restart the domain.

19.4 Time Stamp Counter

The Time Stamp Counter (TSC) may be specified for each domain in the guest domain configuration file (for more information, see Section 19.1.1, “Guest Domain Configuration File”).

With the tsc_mode setting, you specify whether rdtsc instructions are executed natively (fast, but TSC-sensitive applications may sometimes run incorrectly) or emulated (always run correctly, but performance may suffer).

tsc_mode=0 (default)

Use this to ensure correctness while providing the best performance possible—for more information, see https://xenbits.xen.org/docs/4.3-testing/misc/tscmode.txt.

tsc_mode=1 (always emulate)

Use this when TSC-sensitive apps are running and worst-case performance degradation is known and acceptable.

tsc_mode=2 (never emulate)

Use this when all applications running in this VM are TSC-resilient and highest performance is required.

tsc_mode=3 (PVRDTSCP)

High-TSC-frequency applications may be paravirtualized (modified) to obtain both correctness and highest performance—any unmodified applications must be TSC-resilient.

For background information, see https://xenbits.xen.org/docs/4.3-testing/misc/tscmode.txt.

19.5 Saving Virtual Machines

Procedure 19.1: Save a Virtual Machine’s Current State
  1. Make sure the virtual machine to be saved is running.

  2. In the host environment, enter

    xl save ID STATE-FILE

    where ID is the virtual machine ID you want to save, and STATE-FILE is the name you specify for the memory state file. By default, the domain will no longer be running after you create its snapshot. Use -c to keep it running even after you create the snapshot.

19.6 Restoring Virtual Machines

Procedure 19.2: Restore a Virtual Machine’s Current State
  1. Make sure the virtual machine to be restored has not been started since you ran the save operation.

  2. In the host environment, enter

    xl restore STATE-FILE

    where STATE-FILE is the previously saved memory state file. By default, the domain will be running after it is restored. To pause it after the restore, use -p.

19.7 Virtual Machine States

A virtual machine’s state can be displayed by viewing the results of the xl list command, which abbreviates the state using a single character.

  • r - running - The virtual machine is currently running and consuming allocated resources.

  • b - blocked - The virtual machine’s processor is not running and not able to run. It is either waiting for I/O or has stopped working.

  • p - paused - The virtual machine is paused. It does not interact with the hypervisor but still maintains its allocated resources, such as memory.

  • s - shutdown - The guest operating system is in the process of being shut down, rebooted, or suspended, and the virtual machine is being stopped.

  • c - crashed - The virtual machine has crashed and is not running.

  • d - dying - The virtual machine is in the process of shutting down or crashing.

20 Block Devices in Xen

20.1 Mapping Physical Storage to Virtual Disks

The disk(s) specification for a Xen domain in the domain configuration file is as straightforward as the following example:

disk = [ 'format=raw,vdev=hdc,access=ro,devtype=cdrom,target=/root/image.iso' ]

It defines a disk block device based on the /root/image.iso disk image file. The disk will be seen as hdc by the guest, with read-only (ro) access. The type of the device is cdrom with raw format.

The following example defines an identical device, but using simplified positional syntax:

disk = [ '/root/image.iso,raw,hdc,ro,cdrom' ]

You can include more disk definitions in the same line, each one separated by a comma. If a parameter is not specified, then its default value is taken:

disk = [ '/root/image.iso,raw,hdc,ro,cdrom','/dev/vg/guest-volume,,hda','...' ]
List of Parameters
target

Source block device or disk image file path.

format

The format of the image file. Default is raw.

vdev

Virtual device as seen by the guest. Supported values are hd[x], xvd[x], sd[x] etc. See /usr/share/doc/packages/xen/misc/vbd-interface.txt for more details. This parameter is mandatory.

access

Whether the block device is provided to the guest in read-only or read-write mode. Supported values are ro or r for read-only, and rw or w for read/write access. Default is ro for devtype=cdrom, and rw for other device types.

devtype

Qualifies virtual device type. Supported value is cdrom.

backendtype

The back-end implementation to use. Supported values are phy, tap, and qdisk. Normally this option should not be specified as the back-end type is automatically determined.

script

Specifies that target is not a normal host path, but rather information to be interpreted by the executable program. The specified script file is looked for in /etc/xen/scripts if it does not point to an absolute path. These scripts are normally called block-<script_name>.

For more information about specifying virtual disks, see /usr/share/doc/packages/xen/misc/xl-disk-configuration.txt.

20.2 Mapping Network Storage to Virtual Disk

Similar to mapping a local disk image (see Section 20.1, “Mapping Physical Storage to Virtual Disks”), you can map a network disk as a virtual disk as well.

The following example shows mapping of an RBD (RADOS Block Device) disk with multiple Ceph monitors and cephx authentication enabled:

disk = [ 'vdev=hdc, backendtype=qdisk, \
target=rbd:libvirt-pool/new-libvirt-image:\
id=libvirt:key=AQDsPWtW8JoXJBAAyLPQe7MhCC+JPkI3QuhaAw==:auth_supported=cephx;none:\
mon_host=137.65.135.205\\:6789;137.65.135.206\\:6789;137.65.135.207\\:6789' ]

Following is an example of an NBD (Network Block Device) disk mapping:

disk = [ 'vdev=hdc, backendtype=qdisk, target=nbd:151.155.144.82:5555' ]

20.3 File-Backed Virtual Disks and Loopback Devices

When a virtual machine is running, each of its file-backed virtual disks consumes a loopback device on the host. By default, the host allows up to 64 loopback devices to be consumed.

To simultaneously run more file-backed virtual disks on a host, you can increase the number of available loopback devices by adding the following option to the host’s /etc/modprobe.conf.local file.

options loop max_loop=x

where x is the maximum number of loopback devices to create.

Changes take effect after the module is reloaded.

Tip
Tip

Enter rmmod loop and modprobe loop to unload and reload the module. In case rmmod does not work, unmount all existing loop devices or reboot the computer.

20.4 Resizing Block Devices

While it is always possible to add new block devices to a VM Guest system, it is sometimes more desirable to increase the size of an existing block device. In case such a system modification is already planned during deployment of the VM Guest, some basic considerations should be done:

  • Use a block device that may be increased in size. LVM devices and file system images are commonly used.

  • Do not partition the device inside the VM Guest, but use the main device directly to apply the file system. For example, use /dev/xvdb directly instead of adding partitions to /dev/xvdb.

  • Make sure that the file system to be used can be resized. Sometimes, for example with Ext3, some features must be switched off to be able to resize the file system. A file system that can be resized online and mounted is XFS. Use the command xfs_growfs to resize that file system after the underlying block device has been increased in size. For more information about XFS, see man 8 xfs_growfs.

When resizing an LVM device that is assigned to a VM Guest, the new size is automatically known to the VM Guest. No further action is needed to inform the VM Guest about the new size of the block device.

When using file system images, a loop device is used to attach the image file to the guest. For more information about resizing that image and refreshing the size information for the VM Guest, see Section 22.2, “Sparse Image Files and Disk Space”.

20.5 Scripts for Managing Advanced Storage Scenarios

There are scripts that can help with managing advanced storage scenarios such as disk environments provided by dmmd (device mapper—multi disk) including LVM environments built upon a software RAID set, or a software RAID set built upon an LVM environment. These scripts are part of the xen-tools package. After installation, they can be found in /etc/xen/scripts:

  • block-dmmd

  • block-drbd-probe

  • block-npiv

The scripts allow for external commands to perform some action, or series of actions of the block devices prior to serving them up to a guest.

These scripts could formerly only be used with xl or libxl using the disk configuration syntax script=. They can now be used with libvirt by specifying the base name of the block script in the <source> element of the disk. For example:

<source dev='dmmd:md;/dev/md0;lvm;/dev/vgxen/lv-vm01'/>

21 Virtualization: Configuration Options and Settings

The documentation in this section, describes advanced management tasks and configuration options that might help technology innovators implement leading-edge virtualization solutions. It is provided as a courtesy and does not imply that all documented options and tasks are supported by Novell, Inc.

21.1 Virtual CD Readers

Virtual CD readers can be set up when a virtual machine is created or added to an existing virtual machine. A virtual CD reader can be based on a physical CD/DVD, or based on an ISO image. Virtual CD readers work differently depending on whether they are paravirtual or fully virtual.

21.1.1 Virtual CD Readers on Paravirtual Machines

A paravirtual machine can have up to 100 block devices composed of virtual CD readers and virtual disks. On paravirtual machines, virtual CD readers present the CD as a virtual disk with read-only access. Virtual CD readers cannot be used to write data to a CD.

After you have finished accessing a CD on a paravirtual machine, it is recommended that you remove the virtual CD reader from the virtual machine.

Paravirtualized guests can use the device type devtype=cdrom. This partly emulates the behavior of a real CD reader, and allows CDs to be changed. It is even possible to use the eject command to open the tray of the CD reader.

21.1.2 Virtual CD Readers on Fully Virtual Machines

A fully virtual machine can have up to four block devices composed of virtual CD readers and virtual disks. A virtual CD reader on a fully virtual machine interacts with an inserted CD in the way you would expect a physical CD reader to interact.

When a CD is inserted in the physical CD reader on the host computer, all virtual machines with virtual CD readers based on the physical CD reader, such as /dev/cdrom/, can read the inserted CD. Assuming the operating system has automount functionality, the CD should automatically appear in the file system. Virtual CD readers cannot be used to write data to a CD. They are configured as read-only devices.

21.1.3 Adding Virtual CD Readers

Virtual CD readers can be based on a CD inserted into the CD reader or on an ISO image file.

  1. Make sure that the virtual machine is running and the operating system has finished booting.

  2. Insert the desired CD into the physical CD reader or copy the desired ISO image to a location available to Dom0.

  3. Select a new, unused block device in your VM Guest, such as /dev/xvdb.

  4. Choose the CD reader or ISO image that you want to assign to the guest.

  5. When using a real CD reader, use the following command to assign the CD reader to your VM Guest. In this example, the name of the guest is alice:

    xl block-attach alice target=/dev/sr0,vdev=xvdb,access=ro
  6. When assigning an image file, use the following command:

    xl block-attach alice target=/path/to/file.iso,vdev=xvdb,access=ro
  7. A new block device, such as /dev/xvdb, is added to the virtual machine.

  8. If the virtual machine is running Linux, complete the following:

    1. Open a terminal in the virtual machine and enter fdisk -l to verify that the device was properly added. You can also enter ls /sys/block to see all disks available to the virtual machine.

      The CD is recognized by the virtual machine as a virtual disk with a drive designation, for example:

      /dev/xvdb
    2. Enter the command to mount the CD or ISO image using its drive designation. For example,

      mount -o ro /dev/xvdb /mnt

      mounts the CD to a mount point named /mnt.

      The CD or ISO image file should be available to the virtual machine at the specified mount point.

  9. If the virtual machine is running Windows, reboot the virtual machine.

    Verify that the virtual CD reader appears in its My Computer section.

21.1.4 Removing Virtual CD Readers

  1. Make sure that the virtual machine is running and the operating system has finished booting.

  2. If the virtual CD reader is mounted, unmount it from within the virtual machine.

  3. Enter xl block-list alice on the host view of the guest block devices.

  4. Enter xl block-detach alice BLOCK_DEV_ID to remove the virtual device from the guest. If that fails, try to add -f to force the removal.

  5. Press the hardware eject button to eject the CD.

21.2 Remote Access Methods

Some configurations, such as those that include rack-mounted servers, require a computer to run without a video monitor, keyboard, or mouse. This type of configuration is often called headless and requires the use of remote administration technologies.

Typical configuration scenarios and technologies include:

Graphical Desktop with X Window Server

If a graphical desktop, such as GNOME, is installed on the virtual machine host, you can use a remote viewer, such as a VNC viewer. On a remote computer, log in and manage the remote guest environment by using graphical tools, such as tigervnc or virt-viewer.

Text Only

You can use the ssh command from a remote computer to log in to a virtual machine host and access its text-based console. You can then use the xl command to manage virtual machines, and the virt-install command to create new virtual machines.

21.3 VNC Viewer

VNC viewer is used to view the environment of the running guest system in a graphical way. You can use it from Dom0 (known as local access or on-box access), or from a remote computer.

You can use the IP address of a VM Host Server and a VNC viewer to view the display of this VM Guest. When a virtual machine is running, the VNC server on the host assigns the virtual machine a port number to be used for VNC viewer connections. The assigned port number is the lowest port number available when the virtual machine starts. The number is only available for the virtual machine while it is running. After shutting down, the port number might be assigned to other virtual machines.

For example, if ports 1 and 2 and 4 and 5 are assigned to the running virtual machines, the VNC viewer assigns the lowest available port number, 3. If port number 3 is still in use the next time the virtual machine starts, the VNC server assigns a different port number to the virtual machine.

To use the VNC viewer from a remote computer, the firewall must permit access to as many ports as VM Guest systems run from. This means from port 5900 and up. For example, to run 10 VM Guest systems, you need to open the TCP ports 5900:5910.

To access the virtual machine from the local console running a VNC viewer client, enter one of the following commands:

  • vncviewer ::590#

  • vncviewer :#

# is the VNC viewer port number assigned to the virtual machine.

When accessing the VM Guest from a machine other than Dom0, use the following syntax:

vncviewer 192.168.1.20::590#

In this case, the IP address of Dom0 is 192.168.1.20.

21.3.1 Assigning VNC Viewer Port Numbers to Virtual Machines

Although the default behavior of VNC viewer is to assign the first available port number, you should assign a specific VNC viewer port number to a specific virtual machine.

To assign a specific port number on a VM Guest, edit the xl setting of the virtual machine and change the vnclisten to the desired value. Note that for example for port number 5902, specify 2 only, as 5900 is added automatically:

vfb = [ 'vnc=1,vnclisten="localhost:2"' ]

For more information regarding editing the xl settings of a guest domain, see Section 19.1, “XL—Xen Management Tool”.

Tip
Tip

Assign higher port numbers to avoid conflict with port numbers assigned by the VNC viewer, which uses the lowest available port number.

21.3.2 Using SDL instead of a VNC Viewer

If you access a virtual machine's display from the virtual machine host console (known as local or on-box access), you should use SDL instead of VNC viewer. VNC viewer is faster for viewing desktops over a network, but SDL is faster for viewing desktops from the same computer.

To set the default to use SDL instead of VNC, change the virtual machine's configuration information to the following. For instructions, see Section 19.1, “XL—Xen Management Tool”.

vfb = [ 'sdl=1' ]

Remember that, unlike a VNC viewer window, closing an SDL window terminates the virtual machine.

21.4 Virtual Keyboards

When a virtual machine is started, the host creates a virtual keyboard that matches the keymap entry according to the virtual machine's settings. If there is no keymap entry specified, the virtual machine's keyboard defaults to English (US).

To view a virtual machine's current keymap entry, enter the following command on the Dom0:

xl list -l VM_NAME | grep keymap

To configure a virtual keyboard for a guest, use the following snippet:

vfb = [ 'keymap="de"' ]

For a complete list of supported keyboard layouts, see the Keymaps section of the xl.cfg manual page man 5 xl.cfg.

21.5 Dedicating CPU Resources

In Xen it is possible to specify how many and which CPU cores the Dom0 or VM Guest should use to retain its performance. The performance of Dom0 is important for the overall system, as the disk and network drivers are running on it. Also I/O intensive guests' workloads may consume lots of Dom0s' CPU cycles. On the other hand, the performance of VM Guests is also important, to be able to accomplish the task they were set up for.

21.5.1 Dom0

Dedicating CPU resources to Dom0 results in a better overall performance of the virtualized environment because Dom0 has free CPU time to process I/O requests from VM Guests. Failing to dedicate exclusive CPU resources to Dom0 usually results in a poor performance and can cause the VM Guests to function incorrectly.

Dedicating CPU resources involves three basic steps: modifying Xen boot line, binding Dom0's VCPUs to a physical processor, and configuring CPU-related options on VM Guests:

  1. First you need to append the dom0_max_vcpus=X to the Xen boot line. Do so by adding the following line to /etc/default/grub:

    GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN="dom0_max_vcpus=X"

    If /etc/default/grub already contains a line setting GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN, rather append dom0_max_vcpus=X to this line.

    X needs to be replaced by the number of VCPUs dedicated to Dom0.

  2. Update the GRUB 2 configuration file by running the following command:

    grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
  3. Reboot for the change to take effect.

  4. The next step is to bind (or pin) each Dom0's VCPU to a physical processor.

    xl vcpu-pin Domain-0 0 0
    xl vcpu-pin Domain-0 1 1

    The first line binds Dom0's VCPU number 0 to the physical processor number 0, while the second line binds Dom0's VCPU number 1 to the physical processor number 1.

  5. Lastly, you need to make sure no VM Guest uses the physical processors dedicated to VCPUs of Dom0. Assuming you are running an 8-CPU system, you need to add

    cpus="2-8"

    to the configuration file of the relevant VM Guest.

21.5.2 VM Guests

It is often necessary to dedicate specific CPU resources to a virtual machine. By default, a virtual machine uses any available CPU core. Its performance can be improved by assigning a reasonable number of physical processors to it as other VM Guests are not allowed to use them after that. Assuming a machine with 8 CPU cores while a virtual machine needs to use 2 of them, change its configuration file as follows:

vcpus=2
cpus="2,3"

The above example dedicates 2 processors to the VM Guest, and these being the 3rd and 4th one, (2 and 3 counted from zero). If you need to assign more physical processors, use the cpus="2-8" syntax.

If you need to change the CPU assignment for a guest named alice in a hotplug manner, do the following on the related Dom0:

xl vcpu-set alice 2
xl vcpu-pin alice 0 2
xl vcpu-pin alice 1 3

The example will dedicate 2 physical processors to the guest, and bind its VCPU 0 to physical processor 2 and VCPU 1 to physical processor 3. Now check the assignment:

xl vcpu-list alice
Name                              ID VCPUs   CPU State   Time(s) CPU Affinity
alice                             4     0     2   -b-       1.9 2-3
alice                             4     1     3   -b-       2.8 2-3

21.6 HVM Features

In Xen some features are only available for fully virtualized domains. They are not very often used, but still may be interesting in some environments.

21.6.1 Specify Boot Device on Boot

Just as with physical hardware, it is sometimes desirable to boot a VM Guest from a different device than its own boot device. For fully virtual machines, it is possible to select a boot device with the boot parameter in a domain xl configuration file:

boot = BOOT_DEVICE

BOOT_DEVICE can be one of c for hard disk, d for CD-ROM, or n for Network/PXE. You can specify multiple options, and they will be attempted in the given order. For example,

boot = dc

boots from CD-ROM, and falls back to the hard disk if CD-ROM is not bootable.

21.6.2 Changing CPUIDs for Guests

To be able to migrate a VM Guest from one VM Host Server to a different VM Host Server, it is mandatory, that the VM Guest system only uses CPU features that are available on both VM Host Server systems. If the actual CPUs are different on both hosts, it may be necessary to hide some features before the VM Guest is started to maintain the possibility to migrate the VM Guest between both hosts. For fully virtualized guests, this can be achieved by configuring the cpuid that is available to the guest.

To gain an overview of the current CPU, have a look at /proc/cpuinfo. This contains all the important information that defines the current CPU.

To redefine a CPU, first have a look at the respective cpuid definitions of the CPU vendor. These are available from:

cpuid = "host,tm=0,sse3=0"

The syntax is a comma-separated list of key=value pairs, preceded by the word "host". A few keys take a numerical value, while all others take a single character which describes what to do with the feature bit. See man 5 xl.cfg for a complete list of cpuid keys. The respective bits may be changed by using the following values:

1

Force the corresponding bit to 1

0

Force the corresponding bit to 0

x

Use the values of the default policy

k

Use the values defined by the host

s

Like k, but preserve the value over migrations

Note that counting bits is done from right to left, starting with bit 0.

21.6.3 Increasing the Number of PCI-IRQs

In case you need to increase the default number of PCI-IRQs available to Dom0 and/or VM Guest, you can do so by modifying the Xen kernel command line. Use the command extra_guest_irqs= DOMU_IRGS,DOM0_IRGS. The optional first number DOMU_IRGS is common for all VM Guests, while the optional second number DOM0_IRGS (preceded by a comma) is for Dom0. Changing the setting for VM Guest has no impact on Dom0 and vice versa. For example to change Dom0 without changing VM Guest, use

extra_guest_irqs=,512

22 Administrative Tasks

22.1 The Boot Loader Program

The boot loader controls how the virtualization software boots and runs. You can modify the boot loader properties by using YaST, or by directly editing the boot loader configuration file.

The YaST boot loader program is located at YaST › System › Boot Loader. Click the Bootloader Options tab and select the line containing the Xen kernel as the Default Boot Section.

Boot Loader Settings
Figure 22.1: Boot Loader Settings

Confirm with OK. Next time you boot the host, it will be ready to provide the Xen virtualization environment.

You can use the Boot Loader program to specify functionality, such as:

You can customize your virtualization environment by editing the /etc/default/grub file. Add the following line to this file: GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN="<boot_parameters>". Do not forget to run grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg after editing the file.

22.2 Sparse Image Files and Disk Space

If the host’s physical disk reaches a state where it has no available space, a virtual machine using a virtual disk based on a sparse image file cannot write to its disk. Consequently, it reports I/O errors.

If this situation occurs, you should free up available space on the physical disk, remount the virtual machine’s file system, and set the file system back to read-write.

To check the actual disk requirements of a sparse image file, use the command du -h <image file>.

To increase the available space of a sparse image file, first increase the file size and then the file system.

Warning
Warning: Back Up Before Resizing

Touching the sizes of partitions or sparse files always bears the risk of data failure. Do not work without a backup.

The resizing of the image file can be done online, while the VM Guest is running. Increase the size of a sparse image file with:

dd if=/dev/zero of=<image file> count=0 bs=1M seek=<new size in MB>

For example, to increase the file /var/lib/xen/images/sles/disk0 to a size of 16GB, use the command:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/xen/images/sles/disk0 count=0 bs=1M seek=16000
Note
Note: Increasing Non-Sparse Images

It is also possible to increase the image files of devices that are not sparse files. However, you must know exactly where the previous image ends. Use the seek parameter to point to the end of the image file and use a command similar to the following:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/xen/images/sles/disk0 seek=8000 bs=1M count=2000

Be sure to use the right seek, else data loss may happen.

If the VM Guest is running during the resize operation, also resize the loop device that provides the image file to the VM Guest. First detect the correct loop device with the command:

losetup -j /var/lib/xen/images/sles/disk0

Then resize the loop device, for example /dev/loop0, with the following command:

losetup -c /dev/loop0

Finally check the size of the block device inside the guest system with the command fdisk -l /dev/xvdb. The device name depends on the actually increased device.

The resizing of the file system inside the sparse file involves tools that are depending on the actual file system.

22.3 Migrating Xen VM Guest Systems

With Xen it is possible to migrate a VM Guest system from one VM Host Server to another with almost no service interruption. This could be used for example to move a busy VM Guest to a VM Host Server that has stronger hardware or is not yet loaded. Or, if a service of a VM Host Server is required, all VM Guest systems running on this machine can be migrated to other machines to avoid interruption of service. These are only two examples—many more reasons may apply to your personal situation.

Before starting, some preliminary considerations regarding the VM Host Server should be taken into account:

  • All VM Host Server systems should use a similar CPU. The frequency is not so important, but they should be using the same CPU family. To get more information about the used CPU, see cat /proc/cpuinfo.

  • All resources that are used by a specific guest system must be available on all involved VM Host Server systems—for example all used block devices must exist on both VM Host Server systems.

  • If the hosts included in the migration process run in different subnets, make sure that either DHCP relay is available to the guests, or for guests with static network configuration, set up the network manually.

  • Using special features like PCI Pass-Through may be problematic. Do not implement these when deploying for an environment that should migrate VM Guest systems between different VM Host Server systems.

  • For fast migrations, a fast network is mandatory. If possible, use GB Ethernet and fast switches. Deploying VLAN might also help avoid collisions.

22.3.1 Preparing Block Devices for Migrations

The block devices needed by the VM Guest system must be available on all involved VM Host Server systems. This is done by implementing some kind of shared storage that serves as container for the root file system of the migrated VM Guest system. Common possibilities include:

  • iSCSI can be set up to give access to the same block devices from different systems at the same time.

  • NFS is a widely used root file system that can easily be accessed from different locations. For more information, see Book “Reference”, Chapter 22 “Sharing File Systems with NFS”.

  • DRBD can be used if only two VM Host Server systems are involved. This gives some extra data security, because the used data is mirrored over the network. .

  • SCSI can also be used if the available hardware permits shared access to the same disks.

  • NPIV is a special mode to use Fibre channel disks. However, in this case all migration hosts must be attached to the same Fibre channel switch. For more information about NPIV, see Section 20.1, “Mapping Physical Storage to Virtual Disks”. Commonly, this works if the Fibre channel environment supports 4 Gbit or faster connections.

22.3.2 Migrating VM Guest Systems

The actual migration of the VM Guest system is done with the command:

xl migrate <domain_name> <host>

The speed of the migration depends on how fast the memory print can be saved to disk, sent to the new VM Host Server and loaded there. This means that small VM Guest systems can be migrated faster than big systems with a lot of memory.

22.4 Monitoring Xen

For a regular operation of many virtual guests, having a possibility to check the sanity of all the different VM Guest systems is indispensable. Xen offers several tools besides the system tools to gather information about the system.

Tip
Tip: Monitoring the VM Host Server

Basic monitoring of the VM Host Server (I/O and CPU) is available via the Virtual Machine Manager. Refer to Section 9.8.1, “Monitoring with Virtual Machine Manager” for details.

22.4.1 Monitor Xen with xentop

The preferred terminal application to gather information about Xen virtual environment is xentop. Unfortunately, this tool needs a rather broad terminal, else it inserts line breaks into the display.

xentop has several command keys that can give you more information about the system that is monitored. Some of the more important are:

D

Change the delay between the refreshes of the screen.

N

Also display network statistics. Note, that only standard configurations will be displayed. If you use a special configuration like a routed network, no network will be displayed.

B

Display the respective block devices and their cumulated usage count.

For more information about xentop see the manual page man 1 xentop.

Tip
Tip: virt-top

libvirt offers the hypervisor-agnostic tool virt-top, which is recommended for monitoring VM Guests. See Section 9.8.2, “Monitoring with virt-top for details.

22.4.2 Additional Tools

There are many system tools that also help monitoring or debugging a running openSUSE system. Many of these are covered in Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide”, Chapter 2 “System Monitoring Utilities”. Especially useful for monitoring a virtualization environment are the following tools:

ip

The command line utility ip may be used to monitor arbitrary network interfaces. This is especially useful if you have set up a network that is routed or applied a masqueraded network. To monitor a network interface with the name alice.0, run the following command:

watch ip -s link show alice.0
brctl

In a standard setup, all the Xen VM Guest systems are attached to a virtual network bridge. brctl allows you to determine the connection between the bridge and the virtual network adapter in the VM Guest system. For example, the output of brctl show may look like the following:

bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
br0             8000.000476f060cc       no              eth0
                                                        vif1.0
br1             8000.00001cb5a9e7       no              vlan22

This shows that there are two virtual bridges defined on the system. One is connected to the physical Ethernet device eth0, the other one is connected to a VLAN interface vlan22.

There is only one guest interface active in this setup, vif1.0. This means that the guest with ID 1 has an Ethernet interface eth0 assigned, that is connected to br0 in the VM Host Server.

iptables-save

Especially when using masquerade networks, or if several Ethernet interfaces are set up together with a firewall setup, it may be helpful to check the current firewall rules.

The command iptables may be used to check all the different firewall settings. To list all the rules of a chain, or even of the complete setup, you may use the commands iptables-save or iptables -S.

22.5 Providing Host Information for VM Guest Systems

In a standard Xen environment, the VM Guest systems have only very limited information about the VM Host Server system they are running on. If a guest should know more about the VM Host Server it runs on, vhostmd can provide more information to selected guests. To set up your system to run vhostmd, proceed as follows:

  1. Install the package vhostmd on the VM Host Server.

  2. To add or remove metric sections from the configuration, edit the file /etc/vhostmd/vhostmd.conf. However, the default works well.

  3. Check the validity of the vhostmd.conf configuration file with the command:

    cd /etc/vhostmd
    xmllint --postvalid --noout vhostmd.conf
  4. Start the vhostmd daemon with the command sudo systemctl start vhostmd.

    If vhostmd should be started automatically during start-up of the system, run the command:

    sudo systemctl enable vhostmd
  5. Attach the image file /dev/shm/vhostmd0 to the VM Guest system named alice with the command:

    xl block-attach opensuse /dev/shm/vhostmd0,,xvdb,ro
  6. Log on the VM Guest system.

  7. Install the client package vm-dump-metrics.

  8. Run the command vm-dump-metrics. To save the result to a file, use the option -d <filename>.

The result of the vm-dump-metrics is an XML output. The respective metric entries follow the DTD /etc/vhostmd/metric.dtd.

For more information, see the manual pages man 8 vhostmd and /usr/share/doc/vhostmd/README on the VM Host Server system. On the guest, see the manual page man 1 vm-dump-metrics.

23 XenStore: Configuration Database Shared between Domains

This section introduces basic information about XenStore, its role in the Xen environment, the directory structure of files used by XenStore, and the description of XenStore's commands.

23.1 Introduction

XenStore is a database of configuration and status information shared between VM Guests and the management tools running in Dom0. VM Guests and the management tools read and write to XenStore to convey configuration information, status updates, and state changes. The XenStore database is managed by Dom0 and supports simple operations such as reading and writing a key. VM Guests and management tools can be notified of any changes in XenStore by watching entries of interest. Note that the xenstored daemon is managed by the xencommons service.

XenStore is located on Dom0 in a single database file /var/lib/xenstored/tdb (tdb represents tree database).

23.2 File System Interface

XenStore database content is represented by a virtual file system similar to /proc (for more information on /proc, see Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide”, Chapter 2 “System Monitoring Utilities”, Section 2.6 “The /proc File System”). The tree has three main paths: /vm, /local/domain, and /tool.

  • /vm - stores information about the VM Guest configuration.

  • /local/domain - stores information about VM Guest on the local node.

  • /tool - stores general information about various tools.

Tip
Tip

Each VM Guest has two different ID numbers. The universal unique identifier (UUID) remains the same even if the VM Guest is migrated to another machine. The domain identifier (DOMID) is an identification number that represents a particular running instance. It typically changes when the VM Guest is migrated to another machine.

23.2.1 XenStore Commands

The file system structure of the XenStore database can be operated with the following commands:

xenstore-ls

Displays the full dump of the XenStore database.

xenstore-readpath_to_xenstore_entry

Displays the value of the specified XenStore entry.

xenstore-existsxenstore_path

Reports whether the specified XenStore path exists.

xenstore-listxenstore_path

Displays all the children entries of the specified XenStore path.

xenstore-writepath_to_xenstore_entry

Updates the value of the specified XenStore entry.

xenstore-rmxenstore_path

Removes the specified XenStore entry or directory.

xenstore-chmodxenstore_pathmode

Updates the read/write permission on the specified XenStore path.

xenstore-control

Sends a command to the xenstored back-end, such as triggering an integrity check.

23.2.2 /vm

The /vm path is indexed by the UUID of each VM Guest, and stores configuration information such as the number of virtual CPUs and the amount of allocated memory. There is a /vm/<uuid> directory for each VM Guest. To list the directory content, use xenstore-list.

# xenstore-list /vm
00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
9b30841b-43bc-2af9-2ed3-5a649f466d79-1

The first line of the output belongs to Dom0, and the second one to a running VM Guest. The following command lists all the entries related to the VM Guest:

# xenstore-list /vm/9b30841b-43bc-2af9-2ed3-5a649f466d79-1
image
rtc
device
pool_name
shadow_memory
uuid
on_reboot
start_time
on_poweroff
bootloader_args
on_crash
vcpus
vcpu_avail
bootloader
name

To read a value of an entry, for example the number of virtual CPUs dedicated to the VM Guest, use xenstore-read:

# xenstore-read /vm/9b30841b-43bc-2af9-2ed3-5a649f466d79-1/vcpus
1

A list of selected /vm/<uuid> entries follows:

uuid

UUID of the VM Guest. It does not change during the migration process.

on_reboot

Specifies whether to destroy or restart the VM Guest in response to a reboot request.

on_poweroff

Specifies whether to destroy or restart the VM Guest in response to a halt request.

on_crash

Specifies whether to destroy or restart the VM Guest in response to a crash.

vcpus

Number of virtual CPUs allocated to the VM Guest.

vcpu_avail

Bitmask of active virtual CPUs for the VM Guest. The bitmask has several bits equal to the value of vcpus, with a bit set for each online virtual CPU.

name

The name of the VM Guest.

Regular VM Guests (not Dom0) use the /vm/<uuid>/image path:

# xenstore-list /vm/9b30841b-43bc-2af9-2ed3-5a649f466d79-1/image
ostype
kernel
cmdline
ramdisk
dmargs
device-model
display

An explanation of the used entries follows:

ostype

The OS type of the VM Guest.

kernel

The path on Dom0 to the kernel for the VM Guest.

cmdline

The kernel command line for the VM Guest used when booting.

ramdisk

The path on Dom0 to the RAM disk for the VM Guest.

dmargs

Shows arguments passed to the QEMU process. If you look at the QEMU process with ps, you should see the same arguments as in /vm/<uuid>/image/dmargs.

23.2.3 /local/domain/<domid>

This path is indexed by the running domain (VM Guest) ID, and contains information about the running VM Guest. Remember that the domain ID changes during VM Guest migration. The following entries are available:

vm

The path of the /vm directory for this VM Guest.

on_reboot, on_poweroff, on_crash, name

See identical options in Section 23.2.2, “/vm

domid

Domain identifier for the VM Guest.

cpu

The current CPU to which the VM Guest is pinned.

cpu_weight

The weight assigned to the VM Guest for scheduling purposes. Higher weights use the physical CPUs more often.

Apart from the individual entries described above, there are also several subdirectories under /local/domain/<domid>, containing specific entries. To see all entries available, refer to XenStore Reference.

/local/domain/<domid>/memory

Contains memory information. /local/domain/<domid>/memory/target contains target memory size for the VM Guest (in kilobytes).

/local/domain/<domid>/console

Contains information about a console used by the VM Guest.

/local/domain/<domid>/backend

Contains information about all back-end devices used by the VM Guest. The path has subdirectories of its own.

/local/domain/<domid>/device

Contains information about the front-end devices for the VM Guest.

/local/domain/<domid>/device-misc

Contains miscellaneous information about devices.

/local/domain/<domid>/store

Contains information about the VM Guest's store.

24 Xen as a High-Availability Virtualization Host

Setting up two Xen hosts as a failover system has several advantages compared to a setup where every server runs on dedicated hardware.

  • Failure of a single server does not cause major interruption of the service.

  • A single big machine is normally way cheaper than multiple smaller machines.

  • Adding new servers as needed is a trivial task.

  • The utilization of the server is improved, which has positive effects on the power consumption of the system.

The setup of migration for Xen hosts is described in Section 22.3, “Migrating Xen VM Guest Systems”. In the following, several typical scenarios are described.

24.1 Xen HA with Remote Storage

Xen can directly provide several remote block devices to the respective Xen guest systems. These include iSCSI, NPIV, and NBD. All of these may be used to do live migrations. When a storage system is already in place, first try to use the same device type you already used in the network.

If the storage system cannot be used directly but provides a possibility to offer the needed space over NFS, it is also possible to create image files on NFS. If the NFS file system is available on all Xen host systems, this method also allows live migrations of Xen guests.

When setting up a new system, one of the main considerations is whether a dedicated storage area network should be implemented. The following possibilities are available:

Table 24.1: Xen Remote Storage

Method

Complexity

Comments

Ethernet

low

Note that all block device traffic goes over the same Ethernet interface as the network traffic. This may be limiting the performance of the guest.

Ethernet dedicated to storage.

medium

Running the storage traffic over a dedicated Ethernet interface may eliminate a bottleneck on the server side. However, planning your own network with your own IP address range and possibly a VLAN dedicated to storage requires numerous considerations.

NPIV

high

NPIV is a method to virtualize Fibre channel connections. This is available with adapters that support a data rate of at least 4 Gbit/s and allows the setup of complex storage systems.

Typically, a 1 Gbit/s Ethernet device can fully use a typical hard disk or storage system. When using very fast storage systems, such an Ethernet device will probably limit the speed of the system.

24.2 Xen HA with Local Storage

For space or budget reasons, it may be necessary to rely on storage that is local to the Xen host systems. To still maintain the possibility of live migrations, it is necessary to build block devices that are mirrored to both Xen hosts. The software that allows this is called Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD).

If a system that uses DRBD to mirror the block devices or files between two Xen hosts should be set up, both hosts should use the identical hardware. If one of the hosts has slower hard disks, both hosts will suffer from this limitation.

During the setup, each of the required block devices should use its own DRBD device. The setup of such a system is quite a complex task.

24.3 Xen HA and Private Bridges

When using several guest systems that need to communicate between each other, it is possible to do this over the regular interface. However, for security reasons it may be advisable to create a bridge that is only connected to guest systems.

In an HA environment that also should support live migrations, such a private bridge must be connected to the other Xen hosts. This is possible by using dedicated physical Ethernet devices and a dedicated network.

A different implementation method is using VLAN interfaces. In that case, all the traffic goes over the regular Ethernet interface. However, the VLAN interface does not get the regular traffic, because only the VLAN packets that are tagged for the correct VLAN are forwarded.

For more information about the setup of a VLAN interface see Section 12.2.3, “Using VLAN Interfaces”.

Part V Managing Virtual Machines with QEMU

25 QEMU Overview

QEMU is a fast, cross-platform open source machine emulator which can emulate a huge number of hardware architectures for you. QEMU lets you run a complete unmodified operating system (VM Guest) on top of your existing system (VM Host Server).

26 Setting Up a KVM VM Host Server

This section documents how to set up and use openSUSE Leap 42.3 as a QEMU-KVM based virtual machine host.

27 Guest Installation

The libvirt-based tools such as virt-manager and virt-install offer convenient interfaces to set up and manage virtual machines. They act as a kind of wrapper for the qemu-system-ARCHcommand. However, it is also possible to use qemu-system-ARCH directly without using libvirt-based tools.

28 Running Virtual Machines with qemu-system-ARCH

Once you have a virtual disk image ready (for more information on disk images, see Section 27.2, “Managing Disk Images with qemu-img”), it is time to start the related virtual machine. Section 27.1, “Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH” introduced simple commands to install and run a VM Guest. …

29 Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor

When QEMU is running, a monitor console is provided for performing interaction with the user. Using the commands available in the monitor console, it is possible to inspect the running operating system, change removable media, take screenshots or audio grabs and control other aspects of the virtual …

25 QEMU Overview

QEMU is a fast, cross-platform open source machine emulator which can emulate a huge number of hardware architectures for you. QEMU lets you run a complete unmodified operating system (VM Guest) on top of your existing system (VM Host Server).

You can also use QEMU for debugging purposes—you can easily stop your running virtual machine, inspect its state and save and restore it later.

QEMU consists of the following parts:

  • processor emulator (x86, s390x, PowerPC, Sparc)

  • emulated devices (graphic card, network card, hard disks, mice)

  • generic devices used to connect the emulated devices to the related host devices

  • descriptions of the emulated machines (PC, Power Mac)

  • debugger

  • user interface used to interact with the emulator

QEMU is central to KVM and Xen Virtualization, where it provides the general machine emulation. Xen's usage of QEMU is somewhat hidden from the user, while KVM's usage exposes most QEMU features transparently. If the VM Guest hardware architecture is the same as the VM Host Server's architecture, QEMU can take advantage of the KVM acceleration (SUSE only supports QEMU with the KVM acceleration loaded).

Apart from providing a core virtualization infrastructure and processor-specific drivers, QEMU also provides an architecture-specific user space program for managing VM Guests. Depending on the architecture this program is one of:

  • qemu-system-i386

  • qemu-system-s390x

  • qemu-system-x86_64

In the following this command is called qemu-system-ARCH; in examples the qemu-system-x86_64 command is used.

26 Setting Up a KVM VM Host Server

This section documents how to set up and use openSUSE Leap 42.3 as a QEMU-KVM based virtual machine host.

Tip
Tip: Resources

In general, the virtual guest system needs the same hardware resources as when installed on a physical machine. The more guests you plan to run on the host system, the more hardware resources—CPU, disk, memory, and network—you need to add to the VM Host Server.

26.1 CPU Support for Virtualization

To run KVM, your CPU must support virtualization, and virtualization needs to be enabled in BIOS. The file /proc/cpuinfo includes information about your CPU features.

26.2 Required Software

The KVM host requires several packages to be installed. To install all necessary packages, do the following:

  1. Run YaST ›  Virtualization › Install Hypervisor and Tools.

    Installing the KVM Hypervisor and Tools
    Figure 26.1: Installing the KVM Hypervisor and Tools
  2. Select KVM server and preferably also KVM tools, and confirm with Accept.

  3. During the installation process, you can optionally let YaST create a Network Bridge for you automatically. If you do not plan to dedicate an additional physical network card to your virtual guests, network bridge is a standard way to connect the guest machines to the network.

    Network Bridge
    Figure 26.2: Network Bridge
  4. After all the required packages are installed (and new network setup activated), try to load the KVM kernel module relevant for your CPU type—kvm-intel or kvm-amd:

    root # modprobe kvm-intel

    Check if the module is loaded into memory:

    tux > lsmod | grep kvm
    kvm_intel              64835  6
    kvm                   411041  1 kvm_intel

    Now the KVM host is ready to serve KVM VM Guests. For more information, see Chapter 28, Running Virtual Machines with qemu-system-ARCH.

26.3 KVM Host-Specific Features

You can improve the performance of KVM-based VM Guests by letting them fully use specific features of the VM Host Server's hardware (paravirtualization). This section introduces techniques to make the guests access the physical host's hardware directly—without the emulation layer—to make the most use of it.

Tip
Tip

Examples included in this section assume basic knowledge of the qemu-system-ARCH command line options. For more information, see Chapter 28, Running Virtual Machines with qemu-system-ARCH.

26.3.1 Using the Host Storage with virtio-scsi

virtio-scsi is an advanced storage stack for KVM. It replaces the former virtio-blk stack for SCSI devices pass-through. It has several advantages over virtio-blk:

Improved scalability

KVM guests have a limited number of PCI controllers, which results in a limited number of possibly attached devices. virtio-scsi solves this limitation by grouping multiple storage devices on a single controller. Each device on a virtio-scsi controller is represented as a logical unit, or LUN.

Standard command set

virtio-blk uses a small set of commands that need to be known to both the virtio-blk driver and the virtual machine monitor, and so introducing a new command requires updating both the driver and the monitor.

By comparison, virtio-scsi does not define commands, but rather a transport protocol for these commands following the industry-standard SCSI specification. This approach is shared with other technologies, such as Fibre Channel, ATAPI, and USB devices.

Device naming

virtio-blk devices are presented inside the guest as /dev/vdX, which is different from device names in physical systems and may cause migration problems.

virtio-scsi keeps the device names identical to those on physical systems, making the virtual machines easily relocatable.

SCSI device pass-through

For virtual disks backed by a whole LUN on the host, it is preferable for the guest to send SCSI commands directly to the LUN (pass-through). This is limited in virtio-blk, as guests need to use the virtio-blk protocol instead of SCSI command pass-through, and, moreover, it is not available for Windows guests. virtio-scsi natively removes these limitations.

26.3.1.1 virtio-scsi Usage

KVM supports the SCSI pass-through feature with the virtio-scsi-pci device:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-device virtio-scsi-pci,id=scsi

26.3.2 Accelerated Networking with vhost-net

The vhost-net module is used to accelerate KVM's paravirtualized network drivers. It provides better latency and greater network throughput. Use the vhost-net driver by starting the guest with the following example command line:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev tap,id=guest0,vhost=on,script=no \
-net nic,model=virtio,netdev=guest0,macaddr=00:16:35:AF:94:4B

Note that guest0 is an identification string of the vhost-driven device.

26.3.3 Scaling Network Performance with Multiqueue virtio-net

As the number of virtual CPUs increases in VM Guests, QEMU offers a way of improving the network performance using multiqueue. Multiqueue virtio-net scales the network performance by allowing VM Guest virtual CPUs to transfer packets in parallel. Multiqueue support is required on both the VM Host Server and VM Guest sides.

Tip
Tip: Performance Benefit

The multiqueue virtio-net solution is most beneficial in the following cases:

  • Network traffic packets are large.

  • VM Guest has many connections active at the same time, mainly between the guest systems, or between the guest and the host, or between the guest and an external system.

  • The number of active queues is equal to the number of virtual CPUs in the VM Guest.

Note
Note

While multiqueue virtio-net increases the total network throughput, it increases CPU consumption as it uses of the virtual CPU's power.

Procedure 26.1: How to Enable Multiqueue virtio-net

The following procedure lists important steps to enable the multiqueue feature with qemu-system-ARCH. It assumes that a tap network device with multiqueue capability (supported since kernel version 3.8) is set up on the VM Host Server.

  1. In qemu-system-ARCH, enable multiqueue for the tap device:

    -netdev tap,vhost=on,queues=2*N

    where N stands for the number of queue pairs.

  2. In qemu-system-ARCH, enable multiqueue and specify MSI-X (Message Signaled Interrupt) vectors for the virtio-net-pci device:

    -device virtio-net-pci,mq=on,vectors=2*N+2

    where the formula for the number of MSI-X vectors results from: N vectors for TX (transmit) queues, N for RX (receive) queues, one for configuration purposes, and one for possible VQ (vector quantization) control.

  3. In VM Guest, enable multiqueue on the relevant network interface (eth0 in this example):

    ethtool -L eth0 combined 2*N

The resulting qemu-system-ARCH command line will look similar to the following example:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -netdev tap,id=guest0,queues=8,vhost=on \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=guest0,mq=on,vectors=10

Note that the id of the network device (guest0 ) needs to be identical for both options.

Inside the running VM Guest, specify the following command as root:

ethtool -L eth0 combined 8

Now the guest system networking uses the multiqueue support from the qemu-system-ARCH hypervisor.

26.3.4 VFIO: Secure Direct Access to Devices

Directly assigning a PCI device to a VM Guest (PCI pass-through) avoids performance issues caused by avoiding any emulation in performance-critical paths. VFIO replaces the traditional KVM PCI Pass-Through device assignment. A prerequisite for this feature is a VM Host Server configuration as described in Important: Requirements for VFIO and SR-IOV.

To be able to assign a PCI device via VFIO to a VM Guest, you need to find out which IOMMU Group it belongs to. The IOMMU (input/output memory management unit that connects a direct memory access-capable I/O bus to the main memory) API supports the notion of groups. A group is a set of devices that can be isolated from all other devices in the system. Groups are therefore the unit of ownership used by VFIO.

Procedure 26.2: Assigning a PCI Device to a VM Guest via VFIO
  1. Identify the host PCI device to assign to the guest.

    tux > sudo lspci -nn
    [...]
    00:10.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation 82576 \
    Virtual Function [8086:10ca] (rev 01)
    [...]

    Note down the device ID (00:10.0 in this case) and the vendor ID (8086:10ca).

  2. Find the IOMMU group of this device:

    tux > sudo readlink /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:00\:10.0/iommu_group
    ../../../kernel/iommu_groups/20

    The IOMMU group for this device is 20. Now you can check the devices belonging to the same IOMMU group:

    ls -l /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:10.0/iommu_group/devices/0000:01:10.0
    [...] 0000:00:1e.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0
    [...] 0000:01:10.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:01:10.0
    [...] 0000:01:10.1 -> ../../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:01:10.1
  3. Unbind the device from the device driver:

    sudo echo "0000:01:10.0" > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:01\:10.0/driver/unbind
  4. Bind the device to the vfio-pci driver using the vendor ID from step 1:

    sudo echo "8086 153a" > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id

    A new device /dev/vfio/IOMMU_GROUP will be created as a result, /dev/vfio/20 in this case.

  5. Change the ownership of the newly created device:

    chown qemu.qemu /dev/vfio/DEVICE
  6. Now run the VM Guest with the PCI device assigned.

    qemu-system-ARCH [...] -device
         vfio-pci,host=00:10.0,id=ID
Important
Important: No Hotplugging

As of openSUSE Leap 42.3 hotplugging of PCI devices passed to a VM Guest via VFIO is not supported.

You can find more detailed information on the VFIO driver in the /usr/src/linux/Documentation/vfio.txt file (package kernel-source needs to be installed).

26.3.5 VirtFS: Sharing Directories between Host and Guests

VM Guests usually run in a separate computing space—they are provided their own memory range, dedicated CPUs, and file system space. The ability to share parts of the VM Host Server's file system makes the virtualization environment more flexible by simplifying mutual data exchange. Network file systems, such as CIFS and NFS, have been the traditional way of sharing directories. But as they are not specifically designed for virtualization purposes, they suffer from major performance and feature issues.

KVM introduces a new optimized method called VirtFS (sometimes called file system pass-through). VirtFS uses a paravirtual file system driver, which avoids converting the guest application file system operations into block device operations, and then again into host file system operations.

You typically use VirtFS for the following situations:

  • To access a shared directory from several guests, or to provide guest-to-guest file system access.

  • To replace the virtual disk as the root file system to which the guest's RAM disk connects during the guest boot process.

  • To provide storage services to different customers from a single host file system in a cloud environment.

26.3.5.1 Implementation

In QEMU, the implementation of VirtFS is simplified by defining two types of devices:

  • virtio-9p-pci device which transports protocol messages and data between the host and the guest.

  • fsdev device which defines the export file system properties, such as file system type and security model.

Example 26.1: Exporting Host's File System with VirtFS
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-fsdev local,id=exp11,path=/tmp/2,security_model=mapped3 \
-device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=exp14,mount_tag=v_tmp5

1

Identification of the file system to be exported.

2

File system path on the host to be exported.

3

Security model to be used—mapped keeps the guest file system modes and permissions isolated from the host, while none invokes a pass-through security model in which permission changes on the guest's files are reflected on the host as well.

4

The exported file system ID defined before with -fsdev id= .

5

Mount tag used later on the guest to mount the exported file system.

Such an exported file system can be mounted on the guest as follows:

sudo mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio v_tmp /mnt

where v_tmp is the mount tag defined earlier with -device mount_tag= and /mnt is the mount point where you want to mount the exported file system.

26.3.6 KSM: Sharing Memory Pages between Guests

Kernel Same Page Merging (KSM) is a Linux kernel feature that merges identical memory pages from multiple running processes into one memory region. Because KVM guests run as processes under Linux, KSM provides the memory overcommit feature to hypervisors for more efficient use of memory. Therefore, if you need to run multiple virtual machines on a host with limited memory, KSM may be helpful to you.

KSM stores its status information in the files under the /sys/kernel/mm/ksm directory:

tux > ls -1 /sys/kernel/mm/ksm
full_scans
merge_across_nodes
pages_shared
pages_sharing
pages_to_scan
pages_unshared
pages_volatile
run
sleep_millisecs

For more information on the meaning of the /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/* files, see /usr/src/linux/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt (package kernel-source).

To use KSM, do the following.

  1. Although openSUSE Leap includes KSM support in the kernel, it is disabled by default. To enable it, run the following command:

    root # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run
  2. Now run several VM Guests under KVM and inspect the content of files pages_sharing and pages_shared, for example:

    while [ 1 ]; do cat /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/pages_shared; sleep 1; done
    13522
    13523
    13519
    13518
    13520
    13520
    13528

27 Guest Installation

The libvirt-based tools such as virt-manager and virt-install offer convenient interfaces to set up and manage virtual machines. They act as a kind of wrapper for the qemu-system-ARCHcommand. However, it is also possible to use qemu-system-ARCH directly without using libvirt-based tools.

Warning
Warning: qemu-system-ARCH and libvirt

Virtual Machines created with qemu-system-ARCH are not "visible" for the libvirt-based tools.

27.1 Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH

In the following example, a virtual machine for a SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 installation is created. For detailed information on the commands, refer to the respective man pages.

If you do not already have an image of a system that you want to run in a virtualized environment, you need to create one from the installation media. In such case, you need to prepare a hard disk image, and obtain an image of the installation media or the media itself.

Create a hard disk with qemu-img.

qemu-img create1 -f raw2 /images/sles/hda3 8G4

1

The subcommand create tells qemu-img to create a new image.

2

Specify the disk's format with the -f parameter.

3

The full path to the image file.

4

The size of the image—8 GB in this case. The image is created as a Sparse image file file that grows when the disk is filled with data. The specified size defines the maximum size to which the image file can grow.

After at least one hard disk image is created, you can set up a virtual machine with qemu-system-ARCH that will boot into the installation system:

root # qemu-system-x86_64 -name "sles"1-machine accel=kvm -M pc2 -m 7683 \
-smp 24 -boot d5 \
-drive file=/images/sles/hda,if=virtio,index=0,media=disk,format=raw6 \
-drive file=/isos/SLES-11-SP3-DVD-x86_64-GM-DVD1.iso,index=1,media=cdrom7 \
-net nic,model=virtio,macaddr=52:54:00:05:11:118 -net user \
-vga cirrus9 -balloon virtio10

1

Name of the virtual machine that will be displayed in the window caption and be used for the VNC server. This name must be unique.

2

Specifies the machine type. Use qemu-system-ARCH -M ? to display a list of valid parameters. pc is the default Standard PC.

3

Maximum amount of memory for the virtual machine.

4

Defines an SMP system with two processors.

5

Specifies the boot order. Valid values are a, b (floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), or n to p (Ether-boot from network adapter 1-3). Defaults to c.

6

Defines the first (index=0) hard disk. It will be accessed as a paravirtualized (if=virtio) drive in raw format.

7

The second (index=1) image drive will act as a CD-ROM.

8

Defines a paravirtualized (model=virtio) network adapter with the MAC address 52:54:00:05:11:11. Be sure to specify a unique MAC address, otherwise a network conflict may occur.

9

Specifies the graphic card. If you specify none, the graphic card will be disabled.

10

Defines the paravirtualized balloon device that allows to dynamically change the amount of memory (up to the maximum value specified with the parameter -m).

After the installation of the guest operating system finishes, you can start the related virtual machine without the need to specify the CD-ROM device:

root # qemu-system-x86_64 -name "sles" -machine type=pc,accel=kvm -m 768 \
-smp 2 -boot c \
-drive file=/images/sles/hda,if=virtio,index=0,media=disk,format=raw \
-net nic,model=virtio,macaddr=52:54:00:05:11:11 \
-vga cirrus -balloon virtio

27.2 Managing Disk Images with qemu-img

In the previous section (see Section 27.1, “Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH), we used the qemu-img command to create an image of a hard disk. You can, however, use qemu-img for general disk image manipulation. This section introduces qemu-img subcommands to help manage the disk images flexibly.

27.2.1 General Information on qemu-img Invocation

qemu-img uses subcommands (like zypper does) to do specific tasks. Each subcommand understands a different set of options. Some options are general and used by more of these subcommands, while some are unique to the related subcommand. See the qemu-img manual page (man 1 qemu-img) for a list of all supported options. qemu-img uses the following general syntax:

tux > qemu-img subcommand [options]

and supports the following subcommands:

create

Creates a new disk image on the file system.

check

Checks an existing disk image for errors.

compare

Check if two images have the same content.

map

Dumps the metadata of the image file name and its backing file chain.

amend

Amends the image format specific options for the image file name.

convert

Converts an existing disk image to a new one in a different format.

info

Displays information about the relevant disk image.

snapshot

Manages snapshots of existing disk images.

commit

Applies changes made to an existing disk image.

rebase

Creates a new base image based on an existing image.

resize

Increases or decreases the size of an existing image.

27.2.2 Creating, Converting and Checking Disk Images

This section describes how to create disk images, check their condition, convert a disk image from one format to another, and get detailed information about a particular disk image.

27.2.2.1 qemu-img create

Use qemu-img create to create a new disk image for your VM Guest operating system. The command uses the following syntax:

tux > qemu-img create -f fmt1 -o options2 fname3 size4

1

The format of the target image. Supported formats are qed, qcow2, and raw.

2

Some image formats support additional options to be passed on the command line. You can specify them here with the -o option. The raw image format supports only the size option, so it is possible to insert -o size=8G instead of adding the size option at the end of the command.

3

Path to the target disk image to be created.

4

Size of the target disk image (if not already specified with the -o size=<image_size> option. Optional suffixes for the image size are K (kilobyte), M (megabyte), G (gigabyte), or T (terabyte).

To create a new disk image sles.raw in the directory /images growing up to a maximum size of 4 GB, run the following command:

tux > qemu-img create -f raw -o size=4G /images/sles.raw
Formatting '/images/sles.raw', fmt=raw size=4294967296

tux > ls -l /images/sles.raw
-rw-r--r-- 1 tux users 4294967296 Nov 15 15:56 /images/sles.raw

tux > qemu-img info /images/sles.raw
image: /images/sles11.raw
file format: raw
virtual size: 4.0G (4294967296 bytes)
disk size: 0

As you can see, the virtual size of the newly created image is 4 GB, but the actual reported disk size is 0 as no data has been written to the image yet.

Tip
Tip: VM Guest Images on the Btrfs File System

If you need to create a disk image on the Btrfs file system, you can use nocow=on to reduce the performance overhead created by the copy-on-write feature of Btrfs:

tux > qemu-img create -o nocow=on test.img 8G

If you, however, want to use copy-on-write (for example for creating snapshots or sharing them across virtual machines), then leave the command line without the nocow option.

27.2.2.2 qemu-img convert

Use qemu-img convert to convert disk images to another format. To get a complete list of image formats supported by QEMU, run qemu-img -h and look at the last line of the output. The command uses the following syntax:

tux > qemu-img convert -c1 -f fmt2 -O out_fmt3 -o options4 fname5 out_fname6

1

Applies compression on the target disk image. Only qcow and qcow2 formats support compression.

2

The format of the source disk image. It is usually autodetected and can therefore be omitted.

3

The format of the target disk image.

4

Specify additional options relevant for the target image format. Use -o ? to view the list of options supported by the target image format.

5

Path to the source disk image to be converted.

6

Path to the converted target disk image.

tux > qemu-img convert -O vmdk /images/sles.raw \
/images/sles.vmdk

tux > ls -l /images/
-rw-r--r-- 1 tux users 4294967296 16. lis 10.50 sles.raw
-rw-r--r-- 1 tux users 2574450688 16. lis 14.18 sles.vmdk

To see a list of options relevant for the selected target image format, run the following command (replace vmdk with your image format):

tux > qemu-img convert -O vmdk /images/sles.raw \
/images/sles.vmdk -o ?
Supported options:
size             Virtual disk size
backing_file     File name of a base image
compat6          VMDK version 6 image
subformat        VMDK flat extent format, can be one of {monolithicSparse \
    (default) | monolithicFlat | twoGbMaxExtentSparse | twoGbMaxExtentFlat}
scsi             SCSI image

27.2.2.3 qemu-img check

Use qemu-img check to check the existing disk image for errors. Not all disk image formats support this feature. The command uses the following syntax:

tux > qemu-img check -f fmt1 fname2

1

The format of the source disk image. It is usually autodetected and can therefore be omitted.

2

Path to the source disk image to be checked.

If no error is found, the command returns no output. Otherwise, the type and number of errors found is shown.

tux > qemu-img check -f qcow2 /images/sles.qcow2
ERROR: invalid cluster offset=0x2af0000
[...]
ERROR: invalid cluster offset=0x34ab0000
378 errors were found on the image.

27.2.2.4 Increasing the Size of an Existing Disk Image

When creating a new image, you must specify its maximum size before the image is created (see Section 27.2.2.1, “qemu-img create”). After you have installed the VM Guest and have been using it for some time, the initial size of the image may no longer be sufficient and you may need to add more space to it.

To increase the size of an existing disk image by 2 gigabytes, use:

tux > qemu-img resize /images/sles.raw +2GB
Note
Note

You can resize the disk image using the formats raw, qcow2 and qed. To resize an image in another format, convert it to a supported format with qemu-img convert first.

The image now contains an empty space of 2 GB after the final partition. You can resize the existing partitions or add new ones.

New 2 GB Partition in Guest YaST Partitioner
Figure 27.1: New 2 GB Partition in Guest YaST Partitioner

27.2.2.5 Advanced Options for the qcow2 File Format

qcow2 is the main disk image format used by QEMU. Its size grows on demand, and the disk space is only allocated when it is actually needed by the virtual machine.

A qcow2 formatted file is organized in units of constant size. These units are called clusters. Viewed from the guest side, the virtual disk is also divided into clusters of the same size. QEMU defaults to 64 kB clusters, but you can specify a different value when creating a new image:

tux > qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=128K virt_disk.qcow2 4G

A qcow2 image contains a set of tables organized in two levels that are called the L1 and L2 tables. There is just one L1 table per disk image, while there can be many L2 tables depending on how big the image is.

To read or write data to the virtual disk, QEMU needs to read its corresponding L2 table to find out the relevant data location. Because reading the table for each I/O operation consumes system resources, QEMU keeps a cache of L2 tables in memory to speed up disk access.

27.2.2.5.1 Choosing the Right Cache Size

The cache size relates to the amount of allocated space. L2 cache can map the following amount of virtual disk:

disk_size = l2_cache_size * cluster_size / 8

With the default 64 kB of cluster size, that is

disk_size = l2_cache_size * 8192

Therefore, to have a cache that maps n gigabytes of disk space with the default cluster size, you need

l2_cache_size = disk_size_GB * 131072

QEMU uses 1 MB (1048576 bytes) of L2 cache by default. Following the above formulas, 1 MB of L2 cache covers 8 GB (1048576 / 131072) of virtual disk. This means that the performance is fine with the default L2 cache size if your virtual disk size is up to 8 GB. For larger disks, you can speed up the disk access by increasing the L2 cache size.

27.2.2.5.2 Configuring the Cache Size

You can use the -drive option on the QEMU command line to specify the cache sizes. Alternatively when communicating via QMP, use the blockdev-add command. For more information on QMP, see Section 29.11, “QMP - QEMU Machine Protocol”.

The following options configure the cache size for the virtual guest:

l2-cache-size

The maximum size of the L2 table cache.

refcount-cache-size

The maximum size of the refcount block cache. For more information on refcount, see https://github.com/qemu/qemu/blob/master/docs/specs/qcow2.txt.

cache-size

The maximum size of both caches combined.

When specifying values for the options above, be aware of the following:

  • The size of both the L2 and refcount block caches needs to be a multiple of the cluster size.

  • If you only set one of the options, QEMU will automatically adjust the other options so that the L2 cache is 4 times bigger than the refcount cache.

The refcount cache is used much less often than the L2 cache, therefore you can keep it relatively small:

root # qemu-system-ARCH [...] \
 -drive file=disk_image.qcow2,l2-cache-size=4194304,refcount-cache-size=262144
27.2.2.5.3 Reducing the Memory Usage

The larger the cache, the more memory it consumes. There is a separate L2 cache for each qcow2 file. When using a lot of big disk images, you will probably need a considerably large amount of memory. Memory consumption is even worse if you add backing files (Section 27.2.4, “Manipulate Disk Images Effectively”) and snapshots (see Section 27.2.3, “Managing Snapshots of Virtual Machines with qemu-img”) to the guest's setup chain.

That is why QEMU introduced the cache-clean-interval setting. It defines an interval in seconds after which all cache entries that have not been accessed are removed from memory.

The following example removes all unused cache entries every 10 minutes:

root # qemu-system-ARCH [...] -drive file=hd.qcow2,cache-clean-interval=600

If this option is not set, the default value is 0 and it disables this feature.

27.2.3 Managing Snapshots of Virtual Machines with qemu-img

Virtual Machine snapshots are snapshots of the complete environment in which a VM Guest is running. The snapshot includes the state of the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), devices, and all writable disks.

Snapshots are helpful when you need to save your virtual machine in a particular state. For example, after you configured network services on a virtualized server and want to quickly start the virtual machine in the same state you last saved it. Or you can create a snapshot after the virtual machine has been powered off to create a backup state before you try something experimental and possibly make VM Guest unstable. This section introduces the latter case, while the former is described in Chapter 29, Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor.

To use snapshots, your VM Guest must contain at least one writable hard disk image in qcow2 format. This device is usually the first virtual hard disk.

Virtual Machine snapshots are created with the savevm command in the interactive QEMU monitor. To make identifying a particular snapshot easier, you can assign it a tag. For more information on QEMU monitor, see Chapter 29, Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor.

Once your qcow2 disk image contains saved snapshots, you can inspect them with the qemu-img snapshot command.

Warning
Warning: Shut Down the VM Guest

Do not create or delete virtual machine snapshots with the qemu-img snapshot command while the virtual machine is running. Otherwise, you may damage the disk image with the state of the virtual machine saved.

27.2.3.1 Listing Existing Snapshots

Use qemu-img snapshot -l DISK_IMAGE to view a list of all existing snapshots saved in the disk_image image. You can get the list even while the VM Guest is running.

tux > qemu-img snapshot -l /images/sles.qcow2
Snapshot list:
ID1       TAG2               VM SIZE3        DATE4          VM CLOCK5
1         booting                4.4M 2013-11-22 10:51:10   00:00:20.476
2         booted                 184M 2013-11-22 10:53:03   00:02:05.394
3         logged_in              273M 2013-11-22 11:00:25   00:04:34.843
4         ff_and_term_running    372M 2013-11-22 11:12:27   00:08:44.965

1

Unique identification number of the snapshot. Usually auto-incremented.

2

Unique description string of the snapshot. It is meant as a human-readable version of the ID.

3

The disk space occupied by the snapshot. Note that the more memory is consumed by running applications, the bigger the snapshot is.

4

Time and date the snapshot was created.

5

The current state of the virtual machine's clock.

27.2.3.2 Creating Snapshots of a Powered-Off Virtual Machine

Use qemu-img snapshot -c SNAPSHOT_TITLE DISK_IMAGE to create a snapshot of the current state of a virtual machine that was previously powered off.

tux > qemu-img snapshot -c backup_snapshot /images/sles.qcow2
tux > qemu-img snapshot -l /images/sles.qcow2
Snapshot list:
ID        TAG                 VM SIZE                DATE       VM CLOCK
1         booting                4.4M 2013-11-22 10:51:10   00:00:20.476
2         booted                 184M 2013-11-22 10:53:03   00:02:05.394
3         logged_in              273M 2013-11-22 11:00:25   00:04:34.843
4         ff_and_term_running    372M 2013-11-22 11:12:27   00:08:44.965
5         backup_snapshot           0 2013-11-22 14:14:00   00:00:00.000

If something breaks in your VM Guest and you need to restore the state of the saved snapshot (ID 5 in our example), power off your VM Guest and execute the following command:

tux > qemu-img snapshot -a 5 /images/sles.qcow2

The next time you run the virtual machine with qemu-system-ARCH, it will be in the state of snapshot number 5.

Note
Note

The qemu-img snapshot -c command is not related to the savevm command of QEMU monitor (see Chapter 29, Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor). For example, you cannot apply a snapshot with qemu-img snapshot -a on a snapshot created with savevm in QEMU's monitor.

27.2.3.3 Deleting Snapshots

Use qemu-img snapshot -d SNAPSHOT_ID DISK_IMAGE to delete old or unneeded snapshots of a virtual machine. This saves some disk space inside the qcow2 disk image as the space occupied by the snapshot data is restored:

tux > qemu-img snapshot -d 2 /images/sles.qcow2

27.2.4 Manipulate Disk Images Effectively

Imagine the following real-life situation: you are a server administrator who runs and manages several virtualized operating systems. One group of these systems is based on one specific distribution, while another group (or groups) is based on different versions of the distribution or even on a different (and maybe non-Unix) platform. To make the case even more complex, individual virtual guest systems based on the same distribution usually differ according to the department and deployment. A file server typically uses a different setup and services than a Web server does, while both may still be based on openSUSE.

With QEMU it is possible to create base disk images. You can use them as template virtual machines. These base images will save you plenty of time because you will never need to install the same operating system more than once.

27.2.4.1 Base and Derived Images

First, build a disk image as usual and install the target system on it. For more information, see Section 27.1, “Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH and Section 27.2.2, “Creating, Converting and Checking Disk Images”. Then build a new image while using the first one as a base image. The base image is also called a backing file. After your new derived image is built, never boot the base image again, but boot the derived image instead. Several derived images may depend on one base image at the same time. Therefore, changing the base image can damage the dependencies. While using your derived image, QEMU writes changes to it and uses the base image only for reading.

It is a good practice to create a base image from a freshly installed (and, if needed, registered) operating system with no patches applied and no additional applications installed or removed. Later on, you can create another base image with the latest patches applied and based on the original base image.

27.2.4.2 Creating Derived Images

Note
Note

While you can use the raw format for base images, you cannot use it for derived images because the raw format does not support the backing_file option. Use for example the qcow2 format for the derived images.

For example, /images/sles_base.raw is the base image holding a freshly installed system.

tux > qemu-img info /images/sles_base.raw
image: /images/sles_base.raw
file format: raw
virtual size: 4.0G (4294967296 bytes)
disk size: 2.4G

The image's reserved size is 4 GB, the actual size is 2.4 GB, and its format is raw. Create an image derived from the /images/sles_base.raw base image with:

tux > qemu-img create -f qcow2 /images/sles_derived.qcow2 \
-o backing_file=/images/sles_base.raw
Formatting '/images/sles_derived.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 \
backing_file='/images/sles_base.raw' encryption=off cluster_size=0

Look at the derived image details:

tux > qemu-img info /images/sles_derived.qcow2
image: /images/sles_derived.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 4.0G (4294967296 bytes)
disk size: 140K
cluster_size: 65536
backing file: /images/sles_base.raw \
(actual path: /images/sles_base.raw)

Although the reserved size of the derived image is the same as the size of the base image (4 GB), the actual size is 140 KB only. The reason is that only changes made to the system inside the derived image are saved. Run the derived virtual machine, register it, if needed, and apply the latest patches. Do any other changes in the system such as removing unneeded or installing new software packages. Then shut the VM Guest down and examine its details once more:

tux > qemu-img info /images/sles_derived.qcow2
image: /images/sles_derived.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 4.0G (4294967296 bytes)
disk size: 1.1G
cluster_size: 65536
backing file: /images/sles_base.raw \
(actual path: /images/sles_base.raw)

The disk size value has grown to 1.1 GB, which is the disk space occupied by the changes on the file system compared to the base image.

27.2.4.3 Rebasing Derived Images

After you have modified the derived image (applied patches, installed specific applications, changed environment settings, etc.), it reaches the desired state. At that point, you can merge the original base image and the derived image to create a new base image.

Your original base image (/images/sles_base.raw) holds a freshly installed system and can be a template for new modified base images, while the new one can contain the same system as the first one plus all security and update patches applied, for example. After you have created this new base image, you can use it as a template for more specialized derived images as well. The new base image becomes independent of the original one. The process of creating base images from derived ones is called rebasing:

tux > qemu-img convert /images/sles_derived.qcow2 \
-O raw /images/sles_base2.raw

This command created the new base image /images/sles_base2.raw using the raw format.

tux > qemu-img info /images/sles_base2.raw
image: /images/sles11_base2.raw
file format: raw
virtual size: 4.0G (4294967296 bytes)
disk size: 2.8G

The new image is 0.4 gigabytes bigger than the original base image. It uses no backing file, and you can easily create new derived images based upon it. This lets you create a sophisticated hierarchy of virtual disk images for your organization, saving a lot of time and work.

27.2.4.4 Mounting an Image on a VM Host Server

It can be useful to mount a virtual disk image under the host system. It is strongly recommended to read Chapter 16, libguestfs and use dedicated tools to access a virtual machine image. However, if you need to do this manually, follow this guide.

Linux systems can mount an internal partition of a raw disk image using a loopback device. The first example procedure is more complex but more illustrative, while the second one is straightforward:

Procedure 27.1: Mounting Disk Image by Calculating Partition Offset
  1. Set a loop device on the disk image whose partition you want to mount.

    tux > losetup /dev/loop0 /images/sles_base.raw
  2. Find the sector size and the starting sector number of the partition you want to mount.

    tux > fdisk -lu /dev/loop0
    
    Disk /dev/loop0: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders, total 8388608 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 5121 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x000ceca8
    
           Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/loop0p1              63     1542239      771088+  82  Linux swap
    /dev/loop0p2   *     15422402    8385929     3421845   83  Linux

    1

    The disk sector size.

    2

    The starting sector of the partition.

  3. Calculate the partition start offset:

    sector_size * sector_start = 512 * 1542240 = 789626880

  4. Delete the loop and mount the partition inside the disk image with the calculated offset on a prepared directory.

    tux > losetup -d /dev/loop0
    tux > mount -o loop,offset=789626880 \
    /images/sles_base.raw /mnt/sles/
    tux > ls -l /mnt/sles/
    total 112
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov 16 10:02 bin
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Nov 16 10:27 boot
    drwxr-xr-x   5 root root  4096 Nov 16 09:11 dev
    [...]
    drwxrwxrwt  14 root root  4096 Nov 24 09:50 tmp
    drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4096 Nov 16 09:16 usr
    drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Nov 16 09:22 var
  5. Copy one or more files onto the mounted partition and unmount it when finished.

    tux > cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /mnt/sles/root/tmp
    tux > ls -l /mnt/sles/root/tmp
    tux > umount /mnt/sles/
Warning
Warning: Do not Write to Images Currently in Use

Never mount a partition of an image of a running virtual machine in a read-write mode. This could corrupt the partition and break the whole VM Guest.

28 Running Virtual Machines with qemu-system-ARCH

Once you have a virtual disk image ready (for more information on disk images, see Section 27.2, “Managing Disk Images with qemu-img), it is time to start the related virtual machine. Section 27.1, “Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH introduced simple commands to install and run a VM Guest. This chapter focuses on a more detailed explanation of qemu-system-ARCH usage, and shows solutions for more specific tasks. For a complete list of qemu-system-ARCH's options, see its manual page (man 1 qemu).

28.1 Basic qemu-system-ARCH Invocation

The qemu-system-ARCH command uses the following syntax:

qemu-system-ARCH options1 disk_img2

1

qemu-system-ARCH understands many options. Most of them define parameters of the emulated hardware, while others affect more general emulator behavior. If you do not supply any options, default values are used, and you need to supply the path to a disk image to be run.

2

Path to the disk image holding the guest system you want to virtualize. qemu-system-ARCH supports many image formats. Use qemu-img --help to list them. If you do not supply the path to a disk image as a separate argument, you need to use the -drive file= option.

28.2 General qemu-system-ARCH Options

This section introduces general qemu-system-ARCH options and options related to the basic emulated hardware, such as the virtual machine's processor, memory, model type, or time processing methods.

-name NAME_OF_GUEST

Specifies the name of the running guest system. The name is displayed in the window caption and used for the VNC server.

-boot OPTIONS

Specifies the order in which the defined drives will be booted. Drives are represented by letters, where a and b stand for the floppy drives 1 and 2, c stands for the first hard disk, d stands for the first CD-ROM drive, and n to p stand for Ether-boot network adapters.

For example, qemu-system-ARCH [...] -boot order=ndc first tries to boot from network, then from the first CD-ROM drive, and finally from the first hard disk.

-pidfile FILENAME

Stores the QEMU's process identification number (PID) in a file. This is useful if you run QEMU from a script.

-nodefaults

By default QEMU creates basic virtual devices even if you do not specify them on the command line. This option turns this feature off, and you must specify every single device manually, including graphical and network cards, parallel or serial ports, or virtual consoles. Even QEMU monitor is not attached by default.

-daemonize

Daemonizes the QEMU process after it is started. QEMU will detach from the standard input and standard output after it is ready to receive connections on any of its devices.

Note
Note: SeaBIOS BIOS Implementation

SeaBIOS is the default BIOS used. You can boot USB devices, any drive (CD-ROM, Floppy, or a hard disk). It has USB mouse and keyboard support and supports multiple VGA cards. For more information about SeaBIOS, refer to the SeaBIOS Website.

28.2.1 Basic Virtual Hardware

28.2.1.1 Machine Type

You can specifies the type of the emulated machine. Run qemu-system-ARCH -M help to view a list of supported machine types.

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 -M help
Supported machines are:
pc                   Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (alias of pc-i440fx-2.3)
pc-i440fx-2.3        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (default)
pc-i440fx-2.2        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-2.1        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-2.0        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-1.7        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-1.6        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-1.5        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-i440fx-1.4        Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-1.3               Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-1.2               Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-1.1               Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-1.0               Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.15              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.14              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.13              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.12              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.11              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
pc-0.10              Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
q35                  Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009) (alias of pc-q35-2.3)
pc-q35-2.3           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-2.2           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-2.1           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-2.0           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-1.7           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-1.6           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-1.5           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
pc-q35-1.4           Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009)
isapc                ISA-only PC
none                 empty machine
xenfv                Xen Fully-virtualized PC
xenpv                Xen Para-virtualized PC
Note
Note: ISA-PC

The machine type isapc: ISA-only-PC is unsupported.

28.2.1.2 CPU Model

To specify the type of the processor (CPU) model, run qemu-system-ARCH -cpu MODEL. Use qemu-system-ARCH -cpu help to view a list of supported CPU models.

x86           qemu64  QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.3.1
x86           phenom  AMD Phenom(tm) 9550 Quad-Core Processor
x86         core2duo  Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T7700  @ 2.40GHz
x86            kvm64  Common KVM processor
x86           qemu32  QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.3.1
x86            kvm32  Common 32-bit KVM processor
x86          coreduo  Genuine Intel(R) CPU           T2600  @ 2.16GHz
x86              486
x86          pentium
x86         pentium2
x86         pentium3
x86           athlon  QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.3.1
x86             n270  Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU N270   @ 1.60GHz
x86           Conroe  Intel Celeron_4x0 (Conroe/Merom Class Core 2)
x86           Penryn  Intel Core 2 Duo P9xxx (Penryn Class Core 2)
x86          Nehalem  Intel Core i7 9xx (Nehalem Class Core i7)
x86         Westmere  Westmere E56xx/L56xx/X56xx (Nehalem-C)
x86      SandyBridge  Intel Xeon E312xx (Sandy Bridge)
x86        IvyBridge  Intel Xeon E3-12xx v2 (Ivy Bridge)
x86    Haswell-noTSX  Intel Core Processor (Haswell, no TSX)
x86          Haswell  Intel Core Processor (Haswell)
x86  Broadwell-noTSX  Intel Core Processor (Broadwell, no TSX)
x86        Broadwell  Intel Core Processor (Broadwell)
x86       Opteron_G1  AMD Opteron 240 (Gen 1 Class Opteron)
x86       Opteron_G2  AMD Opteron 22xx (Gen 2 Class Opteron)
x86       Opteron_G3  AMD Opteron 23xx (Gen 3 Class Opteron)
x86       Opteron_G4  AMD Opteron 62xx class CPU
x86       Opteron_G5  AMD Opteron 63xx class CPU
x86             host  KVM processor with all supported host features (only available in KVM mode)

Recognized CPUID flags:
fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 pn
clflush ds acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm ia64 pbe
pni|sse3 pclmulqdq|pclmuldq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cid
fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4.1|sse4_1 sse4.2|sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt
tsc-deadline aes xsave osxsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor
fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f
rdseed adx smap avx512pf avx512er avx512cd
syscall nx|xd mmxext fxsr_opt|ffxsr pdpe1gb rdtscp lm|i64 3dnowext 3dnow
lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch
osvw ibs xop skinit wdt lwp fma4 tce nodeid_msr tbm topoext perfctr_core
perfctr_nb
invtsc
xstore xstore-en xcrypt xcrypt-en ace2 ace2-en phe phe-en pmm pmm-en
kvmclock kvm_nopiodelay kvm_mmu kvmclock kvm_asyncpf kvm_steal_time
kvm_pv_eoi kvm_pv_unhalt kvmclock-stable-bit
npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists
pause_filter pfthreshold
xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves

CPU flags information can be found at CPUID Wikipedia.

28.2.1.3 Other Basics Options

The following is a list of most commonly used options while launching qemu from command line. To see all options available refer to qemu-doc man page.

-m MEGABYTES

Specifies how many megabytes are used for the virtual RAM size.

-balloon virtio

Specifies a paravirtualized device to dynamically change the amount of virtual RAM memory assigned to VM Guest. The top limit is the amount of memory specified with -m.

-smp NUMBER_OF_CPUS

Specifies how many CPUs will be emulated. QEMU supports up to 255 CPUs on the PC platform (up to 64 with KVM acceleration used). This option also takes other CPU-related parameters, such as number of sockets, number of cores per socket, or number of threads per core.

The following is an example of a working qemu-system-ARCH command line:

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 -name "SLES 11 SP3" -M pc-i440fx-2.3 -m 512 \
-machine accel=kvm -cpu kvm64 -smp 2 /images/sles.raw
QEMU Window with SLES 11 SP3 as VM Guest
Figure 28.1: QEMU Window with SLES 11 SP3 as VM Guest
-no-acpi

Disables ACPI support.

-S

QEMU starts with CPU stopped. To start CPU, enter c in QEMU monitor. For more information, see Chapter 29, Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor.

28.2.2 Storing and Reading Configuration of Virtual Devices

-readconfig CFG_FILE

Instead of entering the devices configuration options on the command line each time you want to run VM Guest, qemu-system-ARCH can read it from a file that was either previously saved with -writeconfig or edited manually.

-writeconfig CFG_FILE

Dumps the current virtual machine's devices configuration to a text file. It can be consequently re-used with the -readconfig option.

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 -name "SLES 11 SP3" -machine accel=kvm -M pc-i440fx-2.3 -m 512 -cpu kvm64 \
-smp 2 /images/sles.raw -writeconfig /images/sles.cfg
(exited)
tux > cat /images/sles.cfg
# qemu config file

[drive]
  index = "0"
  media = "disk"
  file = "/images/sles_base.raw"

This way you can effectively manage the configuration of your virtual machines' devices in a well-arranged way.

28.2.3 Guest Real-Time Clock

-rtc OPTIONS

Specifies the way the RTC is handled inside a VM Guest. By default, the clock of the guest is derived from that of the host system. Therefore, it is recommended that the host system clock is synchronized with an accurate external clock (for example, via NTP service).

If you need to isolate the VM Guest clock from the host one, specify clock=vm instead of the default clock=host.

You can also specify the initial time of the VM Guest's clock with the base option:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -rtc clock=vm,base=2010-12-03T01:02:00

Instead of a time stamp, you can specify utc or localtime. The former instructs VM Guest to start at the current UTC value (Coordinated Universal Time, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC), while the latter applies the local time setting.

28.3 Using Devices in QEMU

QEMU virtual machines emulate all devices needed to run a VM Guest. QEMU supports, for example, several types of network cards, block devices (hard and removable drives), USB devices, character devices (serial and parallel ports), or multimedia devices (graphic and sound cards). This section introduces options to configure various types of supported devices.

Tip
Tip

If your device, such as -drive, needs a special driver and driver properties to be set, specify them with the -device option, and identify with drive= suboption. For example:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -drive if=none,id=drive0,format=raw \
-device virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive0,scsi=off ...

To get help on available drivers and their properties, use -device ? and -device DRIVER,?.

28.3.1 Block Devices

Block devices are vital for virtual machines. In general, these are fixed or removable storage media usually called drives. One of the connected hard disks typically holds the guest operating system to be virtualized.

Virtual Machine drives are defined with -drive. This option has many sub-options, some of which are described in this section. For the complete list, see the manual page (man 1 qemu).

Sub-options for the -drive Option
file=image_fname

Specifies the path to the disk image that will be used with this drive. If not specified, an empty (removable) drive is assumed.

if=drive_interface

Specifies the type of interface to which the drive is connected. Currently only floppy, scsi, ide, or virtio are supported by SUSE. virtio defines a paravirtualized disk driver. Default is ide.

index=index_of_connector

Specifies the index number of a connector on the disk interface (see the if option) where the drive is connected. If not specified, the index is automatically incremented.

media=type

Specifies the type of media. Can be disk for hard disks, or cdrom for removable CD-ROM drives.

format=img_fmt

Specifies the format of the connected disk image. If not specified, the format is autodetected. Currently, SUSE supports qcow2, qed and raw formats.

cache=method

Specifies the caching method for the drive. Possible values are unsafe, writethrough, writeback, directsync, or none. To improve performance when using the qcow2 image format, choose writeback. none disables the host page cache and, therefore, is the safest option. Default for image files is writeback. For more information, see Chapter 14, Disk Cache Modes.

Tip
Tip

To simplify defining block devices, QEMU understands several shortcuts which you may find handy when entering the qemu-system-ARCH command line.

You can use

qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom /images/cdrom.iso

instead of

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/images/cdrom.iso,index=2,media=cdrom

and

qemu-system-x86_64 -hda /images/imagei1.raw -hdb /images/image2.raw -hdc \
/images/image3.raw -hdd /images/image4.raw

instead of

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/images/image1.raw,index=0,media=disk \
-drive file=/images/image2.raw,index=1,media=disk \
-drive file=/images/image3.raw,index=2,media=disk \
-drive file=/images/image4.raw,index=3,media=disk
Tip
Tip: Using Host Drives Instead of Images

As an alternative to using disk images (see Section 27.2, “Managing Disk Images with qemu-img) you can also use existing VM Host Server disks, connect them as drives, and access them from VM Guest. Use the host disk device directly instead of disk image file names.

To access the host CD-ROM drive, use

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -drive file=/dev/cdrom,media=cdrom

To access the host hard disk, use

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -drive file=/dev/hdb,media=disk

A host drive used by a VM Guest must not be accessed concurrently by the VM Host Server or another VM Guest.

28.3.1.1 Freeing Unused Guest Disk Space

A Sparse image file is a type of disk image file that grows in size as the user adds data to it, taking up only as much disk space as is stored in it. For example, if you copy 1 GB of data inside the sparse disk image, its size grows by 1 GB. If you then delete for example 500 MB of the data, the image size does not by default decrease as expected.

That is why the discard=on option is introduced on the KVM command line. It tells the hypervisor to automatically free the holes after deleting data from the sparse guest image. Note that this option is valid only for the if=scsi drive interface:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -drive file=/path/to/file.img,if=scsi,discard=on
Important
Important: Support Status

if=scsi is not supported. This interface does not map to virtio-scsi, but rather to the lsi SCSI adapter.

28.3.1.2 virtio-blk-data-plane

The virtio-blk-data-plane is a new feature for KVM. It enables a high-performance code path for I/O requests coming from VM Guests. More specifically, this feature introduces dedicated threads (one per virtual block device) to process I/O requests going through the virtio-blk driver. It uses the Linux AIO (asynchronous I/O) interface of the VM Host Server kernel directly—without the need to go through the QEMU block layer. Therefore, it can sustain very high I/O rates on storage setups.

The virtio-blk-data-plane feature can be enabled or disabled by the x-data-plane=on|off option on the qemu command line when starting the VM Guest:

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -drive if=none,id=drive0,cache=none,aio=native,\
format=raw,file=filename -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive0,scsi=off,\
config-wce=off,x-data-plane=on [...]

Currently, virtio-blk-data-plane has the following limitations:

  • Only the raw image format is supported.

  • No support for live migration.

  • Block jobs and hot unplug operations fail with -EBUSY.

  • I/O throttling limits are ignored.

  • Only Linux VM Host Servers are supported because of the Linux AIO usage, but non-Linux VM Guests are supported.

Important
Important: Support Status

The virtio-blk-data-plane feature is not yet supported in openSUSE Leap. It is released as a technology preview only.

28.3.1.3 Bio-Based I/O Path for virtio-blk

For better performance of I/O-intensive applications, a new I/O path was introduced for the virtio-blk interface in kernel version 3.7. This bio-based block device driver skips the I/O scheduler, and thus shortens the I/O path in guest and has lower latency. It is especially useful for high-speed storage devices, such as SSD disks.

The driver is disabled by default. To use it, do the following:

  1. Append virtio_blk.use_bio=1 to the kernel command line on the guest. You can do so via YaST › System › Boot Loader.

    You can do it also by editing /etc/default/grub, searching for the line that contains GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=, and adding the kernel parameter at the end. Then run grub2-mkconfig >/boot/grub2/grub.cfg to update the grub2 boot menu.

  2. Reboot the guest with the new kernel command line active.

Tip
Tip: Bio-Based Driver on Slow Devices

The bio-based virtio-blk driver does not help on slow devices such as spin hard disks. The reason is that the benefit of scheduling is larger than what the shortened bio path offers. Do not use the bio-based driver on slow devices.

28.3.1.4 Accessing iSCSI Resources Directly

QEMU now integrates with libiscsi. This allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use them as virtual machine block devices. This feature does not require any host iSCSI initiator configuration, as is needed for a libvirt iSCSI target based storage pool setup. Instead it directly connects guest storage interfaces to an iSCSI target LUN by means of the user space library libiscsi. iSCSI-based disk devices can also be specified in the libvirt XML configuration.

Note
Note: RAW Image Format

This feature is only available using the RAW image format, as the iSCSI protocol has some technical limitations.

The following is the QEMU command line interface for iSCSI connectivity.

Note
Note: virt-manager Limitation

The use of libiscsi based storage provisioning is not yet exposed by the virt-manager interface, but instead it would be configured by directly editing the guest xml. This new way of accessing iSCSI based storage is to be done at the command line.

qemu-system-x86_64 -machine accel=kvm \
  -drive file=iscsi://192.168.100.1:3260/iqn.2016-08.com.example:314605ab-a88e-49af-b4eb-664808a3443b/0,\
  format=raw,if=none,id=mydrive,cache=none \
  -device ide-hd,bus=ide.0,unit=0,drive=mydrive ...

Here is an example snippet of guest domain xml which uses the protocol based iSCSI:

<devices>
...
  <disk type='network' device='disk'>
    <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
    <source protocol='iscsi' name='iqn.2013-07.com.example:iscsi-nopool/2'>
      <host name='example.com' port='3260'/>
    </source>
    <auth username='myuser'>
      <secret type='iscsi' usage='libvirtiscsi'/>
    </auth>
    <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
  </disk>
</devices>

Contrast that with an example which uses the host based iSCSI initiator which virt-manager sets up:

<devices>
...
  <disk type='block' device='disk'>
    <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='none' io='native'/>
    <source dev='/dev/disk/by-path/scsi-0:0:0:0'/>
    <target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
    <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/>
  </disk>
  <controller type='ide' index='0'>
    <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01'
             function='0x1'/>
  </controller>
</devices>

28.3.2 Graphic Devices and Display Options

This section describes QEMU options affecting the type of the emulated video card and the way VM Guest graphical output is displayed.

28.3.2.1 Defining Video Cards

QEMU uses -vga to define a video card used to display VM Guest graphical output. The -vga option understands the following values:

none

Disables video cards on VM Guest (no video card is emulated). You can still access the running VM Guest via the serial console.

std

Emulates a standard VESA 2.0 VBE video card. Use it if you intend to use high display resolution on VM Guest.

cirrus

Emulates Cirrus Logic GD5446 video card. Good choice if you insist on high compatibility of the emulated video hardware. Most operating systems (even Windows 95) recognize this type of card.

Tip
Tip

For best video performance with the cirrus type, use 16-bit color depth both on VM Guest and VM Host Server.

28.3.2.2 Display Options

The following options affect the way VM Guest graphical output is displayed.

-display gtk

Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides UI elements to configure and control the VM during runtime.

-display sdl

Display video output via SDL, usually in a separate graphics window. For more information, see the SDL documentation.

-spice option[,option[,...]]

Enables the spice remote desktop protocol.

-display vnc

Refer to Section 28.5, “Viewing a VM Guest with VNC” for more information.

-nographic

Disables QEMU's graphical output. The emulated serial port is redirected to the console.

After starting the virtual machine with -nographic, press CtrlA H in the virtual console to view the list of other useful shortcuts, for example, to toggle between the console and the QEMU monitor.

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 -hda /images/sles_base.raw -nographic

C-a h    print this help
C-a x    exit emulator
C-a s    save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)
C-a t    toggle console timestamps
C-a b    send break (magic sysrq)
C-a c    switch between console and monitor
C-a C-a  sends C-a
(pressed C-a c)

QEMU 2.3.1 monitor - type 'help' for more information
(qemu)
-no-frame

Disables decorations for the QEMU window. Convenient for dedicated desktop work space.

-full-screen

Starts QEMU graphical output in full screen mode.

-no-quit

Disables the close button of the QEMU window and prevents it from being closed by force.

-alt-grab, -ctrl-grab

By default, the QEMU window releases the captured mouse after pressing CtrlAlt. You can change the key combination to either CtrlAltShift (-alt-grab), or the right Ctrl key (-ctrl-grab).

28.3.3 USB Devices

There are two ways to create USB devices usable by the VM Guest in KVM: you can either emulate new USB devices inside a VM Guest, or assign an existing host USB device to a VM Guest. To use USB devices in QEMU you first need to enable the generic USB driver with the -usb option. Then you can specify individual devices with the -usbdevice option.

28.3.3.1 Emulating USB Devices in VM Guest

SUSE currently supports the following types of USB devices: disk, host, serial, braille, net, mouse, and tablet.

Types of USB devices for the -usbdevice option
disk

Emulates a mass storage device based on file. The optional format option is used rather than detecting the format.

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -usbdevice
        disk:format=raw:/virt/usb_disk.raw
host

Pass through the host device (identified by bus.addr).

serial

Serial converter to a host character device.

braille

Emulates a braille device using BrlAPI to display the braille output.

net

Emulates a network adapter that supports CDC Ethernet and RNDIS protocols.

mouse

Emulates a virtual USB mouse. This option overrides the default PS/2 mouse emulation. The following example shows the hardware status of a mouse on VM Guest started with qemu-system-ARCH [...] -usbdevice mouse:

tux > sudo hwinfo --mouse
20: USB 00.0: 10503 USB Mouse
[Created at usb.122]
UDI: /org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_627_1_1_if0
[...]
Hardware Class: mouse
Model: "Adomax QEMU USB Mouse"
Hotplug: USB
Vendor: usb 0x0627 "Adomax Technology Co., Ltd"
Device: usb 0x0001 "QEMU USB Mouse"
[...]
tablet

Emulates a pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (such as touchscreen). This option overrides the default PS/2 mouse emulation. The tablet device is useful if you are viewing VM Guest via the VNC protocol. See Section 28.5, “Viewing a VM Guest with VNC” for more information.

28.3.4 Character Devices

Use -chardev to create a new character device. The option uses the following general syntax:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -chardev BACKEND_TYPE,id=ID_STRING

where BACKEND_TYPE can be one of null, socket, udp, msmouse, vc, file, pipe, console, serial, pty, stdio, braille, tty, or parport. All character devices must have a unique identification string up to 127 characters long. It is used to identify the device in other related directives. For the complete description of all back-end's sub-options, see the manual page (man 1 qemu). A brief description of the available back-ends follows:

null

Creates an empty device that outputs no data and drops any data it receives.

stdio

Connects to QEMU's process standard input and standard output.

socket

Creates a two-way stream socket. If PATH is specified, a Unix socket is created:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -chardev \
socket,id=unix_socket1,path=/tmp/unix_socket1,server

The SERVER suboption specifies that the socket is a listening socket.

If PORT is specified, a TCP socket is created:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -chardev \
socket,id=tcp_socket1,host=localhost,port=7777,server,nowait

The command creates a local listening (server) TCP socket on port 7777. QEMU will not block waiting for a client to connect to the listening port (nowait).

udp

Sends all network traffic from VM Guest to a remote host over the UDP protocol.

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-chardev udp,id=udp_fwd,host=mercury.example.com,port=7777

The command binds port 7777 on the remote host mercury.example.com and sends VM Guest network traffic there.

vc

Creates a new QEMU text console. You can optionally specify the dimensions of the virtual console:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -chardev vc,id=vc1,width=640,height=480 \
-mon chardev=vc1

The command creates a new virtual console called vc1 of the specified size, and connects the QEMU monitor to it.

file

Logs all traffic from VM Guest to a file on VM Host Server. The path is required and will be created if it does not exist.

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-chardev file,id=qemu_log1,path=/var/log/qemu/guest1.log

By default QEMU creates a set of character devices for serial and parallel ports, and a special console for QEMU monitor. However, you can create your own character devices and use them for the mentioned purposes. The following options will help you:

-serial CHAR_DEV

Redirects the VM Guest's virtual serial port to a character device CHAR_DEV on VM Host Server. By default, it is a virtual console (vc) in graphical mode, and stdio in non-graphical mode. The -serial understands many sub-options. See the manual page man 1 qemu for a complete list of them.

You can emulate up to 4 serial ports. Use -serial none to disable all serial ports.

-parallel DEVICE

Redirects the VM Guest's parallel port to a DEVICE. This option supports the same devices as -serial.

Tip
Tip

With openSUSE Leap as a VM Host Server, you can directly use the hardware parallel port devices /dev/parportN where N is the number of the port.

You can emulate up to 3 parallel ports. Use -parallel none to disable all parallel ports.

-monitor CHAR_DEV

Redirects the QEMU monitor to a character device CHAR_DEV on VM Host Server. This option supports the same devices as -serial. By default, it is a virtual console (vc) in a graphical mode, and stdio in non-graphical mode.

For a complete list of available character devices back-ends, see the man page (man 1 qemu).

28.4 Networking in QEMU

Use the -netdev option in combination with -device to define a specific type of networking and a network interface card for your VM Guest. The syntax for the -netdev option is

-netdev type[,prop[=value][,...]]

Currently, SUSE supports the following network types: user, bridge, and tap. For a complete list of -netdev sub-options, see the manual page (man 1 qemu).

Supported -netdev Sub-options
bridge

Uses a specified network helper to configure the TAP interface and attach it to a specified bridge. For more information, see Section 28.4.3, “Bridged Networking”.

user

Specifies user-mode networking. For more information, see Section 28.4.2, “User-Mode Networking”.

tap

Specifies bridged or routed networking. For more information, see Section 28.4.3, “Bridged Networking”.

28.4.1 Defining a Network Interface Card

Use -netdev together with the related -device option to add a new emulated network card:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev tap1,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci2,netdev=hostnet0,vlan=13,\
macaddr=00:16:35:AF:94:4B4,name=ncard1

1

Specifies the network device type.

2

Specifies the model of the network card. Use -device help and search for the Network devices:section to get the list of all network card models supported by QEMU on your platform:

qemu-system-x86_64 -device help
[...]
Network devices:
name "e1000", bus PCI, desc "Intel Gigabit Ethernet"
name "e1000-82540em", bus PCI, desc "Intel Gigabit Ethernet"
name "e1000-82544gc", bus PCI, desc "Intel Gigabit Ethernet"
name "e1000-82545em", bus PCI, desc "Intel Gigabit Ethernet"
name "i82550", bus PCI, desc "Intel i82550 Ethernet"
name "i82551", bus PCI, desc "Intel i82551 Ethernet"
name "i82557a", bus PCI, desc "Intel i82557A Ethernet"
[...]

Currently, SUSE supports the models rtl8139, e1000 and its variants e1000-82540em, e1000-82544gc and e1000-82545em, and virtio-net-pci. To view a list of options for a specific driver, add help as a driver option:

qemu-system-x86_64 -device e1000,help
e1000.mac=macaddr
e1000.vlan=vlan
e1000.netdev=netdev
e1000.bootindex=int32
e1000.autonegotiation=on/off
e1000.mitigation=on/off
e1000.addr=pci-devfn
e1000.romfile=str
e1000.rombar=uint32
e1000.multifunction=on/off
e1000.command_serr_enable=on/off

3

Connects the network interface to VLAN number 1. You can specify your own number—it is mainly useful for identification purpose. If you omit this suboption, QEMU uses the default 0.

4

Specifies the Media Access Control (MAC) address for the network card. It is a unique identifier and you are advised to always specify it. If not, QEMU supplies its own default MAC address and creates a possible MAC address conflict within the related VLAN.

28.4.2 User-Mode Networking

The -netdev user option instructs QEMU to use user-mode networking. This is the default if no networking mode is selected. Therefore, these command lines are equivalent:

qemu-system-x86_64 -hda /images/sles_base.raw
qemu-system-x86_64 -hda /images/sles_base.raw -netdev user,id=hostnet0

This mode is useful if you want to allow the VM Guest to access the external network resources, such as the Internet. By default, no incoming traffic is permitted and therefore, the VM Guest is not visible to other machines on the network. No administrator privileges are required in this networking mode. The user-mode is also useful for doing a network boot on your VM Guest from a local directory on VM Host Server.

The VM Guest allocates an IP address from a virtual DHCP server. VM Host Server (the DHCP server) is reachable at 10.0.2.2, while the IP address range for allocation starts from 10.0.2.15. You can use ssh to connect to VM Host Server at 10.0.2.2, and scp to copy files back and forth.

28.4.2.1 Command Line Examples

This section shows several examples on how to set up user-mode networking with QEMU.

Example 28.1: Restricted User-mode Networking
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev user1,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,vlan=12,name=user_net13,restrict=yes4

1

Specifies user-mode networking.

2

Connects to VLAN number 1. If omitted, defaults to 0.

3

Specifies a human-readable name of the network stack. Useful when identifying it in the QEMU monitor.

4

Isolates VM Guest. It then cannot communicate with VM Host Server and no network packets will be routed to the external network.

Example 28.2: User-mode Networking with Custom IP Range
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev user,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,net=10.2.0.0/81,host=10.2.0.62,\
dhcpstart=10.2.0.203,hostname=tux_kvm_guest4

1

Specifies the IP address of the network that VM Guest sees and optionally the netmask. Default is 10.0.2.0/8.

2

Specifies the VM Host Server IP address that VM Guest sees. Default is 10.0.2.2.

3

Specifies the first of the 16 IP addresses that the built-in DHCP server can assign to VM Guest. Default is 10.0.2.15.

4

Specifies the host name that the built-in DHCP server will assign to VM Guest.

Example 28.3: User-mode Networking with Network-boot and TFTP
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev user,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,tftp=/images/tftp_dir1,\
bootfile=/images/boot/pxelinux.02

1

Activates a built-in TFTP (a file transfer protocol with the functionality of a very basic FTP) server. The files in the specified directory will be visible to a VM Guest as the root of a TFTP server.

2

Broadcasts the specified file as a BOOTP (a network protocol that offers an IP address and a network location of a boot image, often used in diskless workstations) file. When used together with tftp, the VM Guest can boot from network from the local directory on the host.

Example 28.4: User-mode Networking with Host Port Forwarding
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-netdev user,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22

Forwards incoming TCP connections to the port 2222 on the host to the port 22 (SSH) on VM Guest. If sshd is running on VM Guest, enter

ssh qemu_host -p 2222

where qemu_host is the host name or IP address of the host system, to get a SSH prompt from VM Guest.

28.4.3 Bridged Networking

With the -netdev tap option, QEMU creates a network bridge by connecting the host TAP network device to a specified VLAN of VM Guest. Its network interface is then visible to the rest of the network. This method does not work by default and needs to be explicitly specified.

First, create a network bridge and add a VM Host Server physical network interface (usually eth0) to it:

  1. Start YaST Control Center and select System › Network Settings.

  2. Click Add and select Bridge from the Device Type drop-down box in the Hardware Dialog window. Click Next.

  3. Choose whether you need a dynamically or statically assigned IP address, and fill the related network settings if applicable.

  4. In the Bridged Devices pane, select the Ethernet device to add to the bridge.

    Configuring Network Bridge with YaST
    Figure 28.2: Configuring Network Bridge with YaST

    Click Next. When asked about adapting an already configured device, click Continue.

  5. Click OK to apply the changes. Check if the bridge is created:

    tux > brctl show
    bridge name bridge id          STP enabled  interfaces
    br0         8000.001676d670e4  no           eth0

28.4.3.1 Connecting to a Bridge Manually

Use the following example script to connect VM Guest to the newly created bridge interface br0. Several commands in the script are run via the sudo mechanism because they require root privileges.

Note
Note: Required Packages

Make sure the tunctl and bridge-utils packages are installed on the VM Host Server. If not, install them with zypper in tunctl bridge-utils.

#!/bin/bash
bridge=br01
tap=$(sudo tunctl -u $(whoami) -b)2
sudo ip link set $tap up3
sleep 1s4
sudo brctl addif $bridge $tap5
qemu-system-x86_64 -machine accel=kvm -m 512 -hda /images/sles_base.raw \
-netdev tap,id=hostnet0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0,vlan=0,macaddr=00:16:35:AF:94:4B,\
ifname=$tap6,script=no7,downscript=no
sudo brctl delif $bridge $tap8
sudo ip link set $tap down9
sudo tunctl -d $tap10

1

Name of the bridge device.

2

Prepare a new TAP device and assign it to the user who runs the script. TAP devices are virtual network devices often used for virtualization and emulation setups.

3

Bring up the newly created TAP network interface.

4

Make a 1-second pause to make sure the new TAP network interface is really up.

5

Add the new TAP device to the network bridge br0.

6

The ifname= suboption specifies the name of the TAP network interface used for bridging.

7

Before qemu-system-ARCH connects to a network bridge, it checks the script and downscript values. If it finds the specified scripts on the VM Host Server file system, it runs the script before it connects to the network bridge and downscript after it exits the network environment. You can use these scripts to first set up and bring up the bridged network devices, and then to deconfigure them. By default, /etc/qemu-ifup and /etc/qemu-ifdown are examined. If script=no and downscript=no are specified, the script execution is disabled and you need to take care of it manually.

8

Deletes the TAP interface from a network bridge br0.

9

Sets the state of the TAP device to down.

10

Deconfigures the TAP device.

28.4.3.2 Connecting to a Bridge with qemu-bridge-helper

Another way to connect VM Guest to a network through a network bridge is by means of the qemu-bridge-helper helper program. It configures the TAP interface for you, and attaches it to the specified bridge. The default helper executable is /usr/lib/qemu-bridge-helper. The helper executable is setuid root, which is only executable by the members of the virtualization group (kvm). Therefore the qemu-system-ARCH command itself does not need to be run under root privileges.

The helper is automatically called when you specify a network bridge:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
 -netdev bridge,id=hostnet0,vlan=0,br=br0 \
 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0

You can specify your own custom helper script that will take care of the TAP device (de)configuration, with the helper=/path/to/your/helper option:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
 -netdev bridge,id=hostnet0,vlan=0,br=br0,helper=/path/to/bridge-helper \
 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hostnet0
Tip
Tip

To define access privileges to qemu-bridge-helper, inspect the /etc/qemu/bridge.conf file. For example the following directive

allow br0

allows the qemu-system-ARCH command to connect its VM Guest to the network bridge br0.

28.5 Viewing a VM Guest with VNC

By default QEMU uses a GTK (a cross-platform toolkit library) window to display the graphical output of a VM Guest. With the -vnc option specified, you can make QEMU listen on a specified VNC display and redirect its graphical output to the VNC session.

Tip
Tip

When working with QEMU's virtual machine via VNC session, it is useful to work with the -usbdevice tablet option.

Moreover, if you need to use another keyboard layout than the default en-us, specify it with the -k option.

The first suboption of -vnc must be a display value. The -vnc option understands the following display specifications:

host:display

Only connections from host on the display number display will be accepted. The TCP port on which the VNC session is then running is normally a 5900 + display number. If you do not specify host, connections will be accepted from any host.

unix:path

The VNC server listens for connections on Unix domain sockets. The path option specifies the location of the related Unix socket.

none

The VNC server functionality is initialized, but the server itself is not started. You can start the VNC server later with the QEMU monitor. For more information, see Chapter 29, Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor.

Following the display value there may be one or more option flags separated by commas. Valid options are:

reverse

Connect to a listening VNC client via a reverse connection.

websocket

Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC Websocket connections. By definition the Websocket port is 5700+display.

password

Require that password-based authentication is used for client connections.

tls

Require that clients use TLS when communicating with the VNC server.

x509=/path/to/certificate/dir

Valid if TLS is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session.

x509verify=/path/to/certificate/dir

Valid if TLS is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session.

sasl

Require that the client uses SASL to authenticate with the VNC server.

acl

Turn on access control lists for checking of the x509 client certificate and SASL party.

lossy

Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...).

non-adaptive

Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default.

share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]

Set display sharing policy.

Note
Note

For more details about the display options, see the qemu-doc man page.

An example VNC usage:

tux > qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -vnc :5
(on the client:)
wilber > :~>vinagre venus:5905 &
QEMU VNC Session
Figure 28.3: QEMU VNC Session

28.5.1 Secure VNC Connections

The default VNC server setup does not use any form of authentication. In the previous example, any user can connect and view the QEMU VNC session from any host on the network.

There are several levels of security that you can apply to your VNC client/server connection. You can either protect your connection with a password, use x509 certificates, use SASL authentication, or even combine some authentication methods in one QEMU command.

See Section A.1, “Generating x509 Client/Server Certificates” for more information about the x509 certificates generation. For more information about configuring x509 certificates on a VM Host Server and the client, see Section 10.3.2, “Remote TLS/SSL Connection with x509 Certificate (qemu+tls or xen+tls)” and Section 10.3.2.3, “Configuring the Client and Testing the Setup”.

The Vinagre VNC viewer supports advanced authentication mechanisms. Therefore, it will be used to view the graphical output of VM Guest in the following examples. For this example, let us assume that the server x509 certificates ca-cert.pem, server-cert.pem, and server-key.pem are located in the /etc/pki/qemu directory on the host, while the client's certificates are distributed in the following locations on the client:

/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/clientcert.pem
/etc/pki/libvirt-vnc/private/clientkey.pem
Example 28.5: Password Authentication
qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -vnc :5,password -monitor stdio

Starts the VM Guest graphical output on VNC display number 5 (usually port 5905). The password suboption initializes a simple password-based authentication method. There is no password set by default and you need to set one with the change vnc password command in QEMU monitor:

QEMU 2.3.1 monitor - type 'help' for more information
(qemu) change vnc password
Password: ****

You need the -monitor stdio option here, because you would not be able to manage the QEMU monitor without redirecting its input/output.

Authentication Dialog in Vinagre
Figure 28.4: Authentication Dialog in Vinagre
Example 28.6: x509 Certificate Authentication

The QEMU VNC server can use TLS encryption for the session and x509 certificates for authentication. The server asks the client for a certificate and validates it against the CA certificate. Use this authentication type if your company provides an internal certificate authority.

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -vnc :5,tls,x509verify=/etc/pki/qemu
Example 28.7: x509 Certificate and Password Authentication

You can combine the password authentication with TLS encryption and x509 certificate authentication to create a two-layer authentication model for clients. Remember to set the password in the QEMU monitor after you run the following command:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -vnc :5,password,tls,x509verify=/etc/pki/qemu \
-monitor stdio
Example 28.8: SASL Authentication

Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) is a framework for authentication and data security in Internet protocols. It integrates several authentication mechanisms, like PAM, Kerberos, LDAP and more. SASL keeps its own user database, so the connecting user accounts do not need to exist on VM Host Server.

For security reasons, you are advised to combine SASL authentication with TLS encryption and x509 certificates:

qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -vnc :5,tls,x509,sasl -monitor stdio

29 Virtual Machine Administration Using QEMU Monitor

When QEMU is running, a monitor console is provided for performing interaction with the user. Using the commands available in the monitor console, it is possible to inspect the running operating system, change removable media, take screenshots or audio grabs and control other aspects of the virtual machine.

Note
Note

The following sections list selected useful QEMU monitor commands and their purpose. To get the full list, enter help in the QEMU monitor command line.

29.1 Accessing Monitor Console

You can access the monitor console from QEMU window either by a keyboard shortcut—press CtrlAlt2 (to return to QEMU, press CtrlAlt1)—or alternatively by clicking View in the QEMU GUI window, then compatmonitor0. The most convenient way is to show the QEMU window tabs with View › Show Tabs. Then you can easily switch between the guest screen, monitor screen, and the output of the serial and parallel console.

To get help while using the console, use help or ?. To get help for a specific command, use help COMMAND.

29.2 Getting Information about the Guest System

To get information about the guest system, use info. If used without any option, the list of possible options is printed. Options determine which part of the system will be analyzed:

info version

Shows the version of QEMU.

info commands

Lists available QMP commands.

info network

Shows the network state.

info chardev

Shows the character devices.

info block

Information about block devices, such as hard disks, floppy drives, or CD-ROMs.

info blockstats

Read and write statistics on block devices.

info registers

Shows the CPU registers.

info cpus

Shows information about available CPUs.

info history

Shows the command line history.

info irq

Shows the interrupt statistics.

info pic

Shows the i8259 (PIC) state.

info pci

Shows the PCI information.

info tlb

Shows virtual to physical memory mappings.

info mem

Shows the active virtual memory mappings.

info jit

Shows dynamic compiler information.

info kvm

Shows the KVM information.

info numa

Shows the NUMA information.

info usb

Shows the guest USB devices.

info usbhost

Shows the host USB devices.

info profile

Shows the profiling information.

info capture

Shows the capture (audio grab) information.

info snapshots

Shows the currently saved virtual machine snapshots.

info status

Shows the current virtual machine status.

info pcmcia

Shows the guest PCMCIA status.

info mice

Shows which guest mice are receiving events.

info vnc

Shows the VNC server status.

info name

Shows the current virtual machine name.

info uuid

Shows the current virtual machine UUID.

info usernet

Shows the user network stack connection states.

info migrate

Shows the migration status.

info balloon

Shows the balloon device information.

info qtree

Shows the device tree.

info qdm

Shows the qdev device model list.

info roms

Shows the ROMs.

info migrate_cache_size

Shows the current migration xbzrle (Xor Based Zero Run Length Encoding) cache size.

info migrate_capabilities

Shows the status of the various migration capabilities, such as xbzrle compression.

info mtree

Shows the VM Guest memory hierarchy.

info trace-events

Shows available trace-events and their status.

29.3 Changing VNC Password

To change the VNC password, use the change vnc password command and enter the new password:

(qemu) change vnc password
Password: ********
(qemu)

29.4 Managing Devices

To add a new disk while the guest is running (hotplug), use the drive_add and device_add commands. First define a new drive to be added as a device to bus 0:

(qemu) drive_add 0 if=none,file=/tmp/test.img,format=raw,if=disk1
OK

You can confirm your new device by querying the block subsystem:

(qemu) info block
[...]
disk1: removable=1 locked=0 tray-open=0 file=/tmp/test.img ro=0 drv=raw \
encrypted=0 bps=0 bps_rd=0 bps_wr=0 iops=0 iops_rd=0 iops_wr=0

After the new drive is defined, it needs to be connected to a device so that the guest can see it. The typical device would be a virtio-blk-pci or scsi-disk. To get the full list of available driver values, run:

(qemu) device_add ?
name "VGA", bus PCI
name "usb-storage", bus usb-bus
[...]
name "virtio-blk-pci", bus virtio-bus

Now add the device

(qemu) device_add virtio-blk-pci,drive=disk1,id=myvirtio1

and confirm with

(qemu) info pci
[...]
Bus  0, device   4, function 0:
    SCSI controller: PCI device 1af4:1001
      IRQ 0.
      BAR0: I/O at 0xffffffffffffffff [0x003e].
      BAR1: 32 bit memory at 0xffffffffffffffff [0x00000ffe].
      id "myvirtio1"
Tip
Tip

Devices added with the device_add command can be removed from the guest with device_del. Enter help device_del on the QEMU monitor command line for more information.

To release the device or file connected to the removable media device, use the eject DEVICE command. Use the optional -f to force ejection.

To change removable media (like CD-ROMs), use the change DEVICE command. The name of the removable media can be determined using the info block command:

(qemu) info block
ide1-cd0: type=cdrom removable=1 locked=0 file=/dev/sr0 ro=1 drv=host_device
(qemu) change ide1-cd0 /path/to/image

29.5 Controlling Keyboard and Mouse

It is possible to use the monitor console to emulate keyboard and mouse input if necessary. For example, if your graphical user interface intercepts some key combinations at low level (such as CtrlAltF1 in X Window), you can still enter them using the sendkey KEYS:

sendkey ctrl-alt-f1

To list the key names used in the KEYS option, enter sendkey and press →|.

To control the mouse, the following commands can be used:

mouse_moveDXdy [DZ]

Move the active mouse pointer to the specified coordinates dx, dy with the optional scroll axis dz.

mouse_buttonVAL

Change the state of the mouse buttons (1=left, 2=middle, 4=right).

mouse_setINDEX

Set which mouse device receives events. Device index numbers can be obtained with the info mice command.

29.6 Changing Available Memory

If the virtual machine was started with the -balloon virtio option and the paravirtualized balloon device that allows to dynamically change the amount of memory available is therefore enabled, it is possible to change the available memory dynamically. For more information about enabling the balloon device, see Section 27.1, “Basic Installation with qemu-system-ARCH.

To get information about the balloon device in the monitor console and to determine whether the device is enabled, use the info balloon command:

(qemu) info balloon

If the balloon device is enabled, use the balloon MEMORY_IN_MB command to set the requested amount of memory:

(qemu) balloon 400

29.7 Dumping Virtual Machine Memory

To save the content of the virtual machine memory to a disk or console output, use the following commands:

memsaveADDRSIZEFILENAME

Saves virtual memory dump starting at ADDR of size SIZE to file FILENAME

pmemsaveADDRSIZEFILENAME

Saves physical memory dump starting at ADDR of size SIZE to file FILENAME-

x /FMTADDR

Makes a virtual memory dump starting at address ADDR and formatted according to the FMT string. The FMT string consists of three parameters COUNTFORMATSIZE:

The COUNT parameter is the number of items to be dumped.

The FORMAT can be x (hex), d (signed decimal), u (unsigned decimal), o (octal), c (char) or i (assembly instruction).

The SIZE parameter can be b (8 bits), h (16 bits), w (32 bits) or g (64 bits). On x86, h or w can be specified with the i format to respectively select 16 or 32-bit code instruction size.

xp /FMTADDR

Makes a physical memory dump starting at address ADDR and formatted according to the FMT string. The FMT string consists of three parameters COUNTFORMATSIZE:

The COUNT parameter is the number of the items to be dumped.

The FORMAT can be x (hex), d (signed decimal), u (unsigned decimal), o (octal), c (char) or i (asm instruction).

The SIZE parameter can be b (8 bits), h (16 bits), w (32 bits) or g (64 bits). On x86, h or w can be specified with thei format to respectively select 16 or 32-bit code instruction size.

29.8 Managing Virtual Machine Snapshots

Managing snapshots in QEMU monitor is not officially supported by SUSE yet. The information found in this section may be helpful in specific cases.

Virtual Machine snapshots are snapshots of the complete virtual machine including the state of CPU, RAM, and the content of all writable disks. To use virtual machine snapshots, you must have at least one non-removable and writable block device using the qcow2 disk image format.

Snapshots are helpful when you need to save your virtual machine in a particular state. For example, after you have configured network services on a virtualized server and want to quickly start the virtual machine in the same state that was saved last. You can also create a snapshot after the virtual machine has been powered off to create a backup state before you try something experimental and possibly make VM Guest unstable. This section introduces the former case, while the latter is described in Section 27.2.3, “Managing Snapshots of Virtual Machines with qemu-img”.

The following commands are available for managing snapshots in QEMU monitor:

savevmNAME

Creates a new virtual machine snapshot under the tag NAME or replaces an existing snapshot.

loadvmNAME

Loads a virtual machine snapshot tagged NAME.

delvm

Deletes a virtual machine snapshot.

info snapshots

Prints information about available snapshots.

(qemu) info snapshots
Snapshot list:
ID1      TAG2                 VM SIZE3   DATE4          VM CLOCK5
1         booting                4.4M 2013-11-22 10:51:10   00:00:20.476
2         booted                 184M 2013-11-22 10:53:03   00:02:05.394
3         logged_in              273M 2013-11-22 11:00:25   00:04:34.843
4         ff_and_term_running    372M 2013-11-22 11:12:27   00:08:44.965

1

Unique identification number of the snapshot. Usually auto-incremented.

2

Unique description string of the snapshot. It is meant as a human readable version of the ID.

3

The disk space occupied by the snapshot. Note that the more memory is consumed by running applications, the bigger the snapshot is.

4

Time and date the snapshot was created.

5

The current state of the virtual machine's clock.

29.9 Suspending and Resuming Virtual Machine Execution

The following commands are available for suspending and resuming virtual machines:

stop

Suspends the execution of the virtual machine.

cont

Resumes the execution of the virtual machine.

system_reset

Resets the virtual machine. The effect is similar to the reset button on a physical machine. This may leave the file system in an unclean state.

system_powerdown

Sends an ACPI shutdown request to the machine. The effect is similar to the power button on a physical machine.

q or quit

Terminates QEMU immediately.

29.10 Live Migration

The live migration process allows to transmit any virtual machine from one host system to another host system without any interruption in availability. It is possible to change hosts permanently or only during maintenance.

The requirements for live migration:

  • All requirements from Section 9.7.1, “Migration Requirements” are applicable.

  • Live migration is only possible between VM Host Servers with the same CPU features.

  • AHCI interface, VirtFS feature, and the -mem-path command line option are not compatible with migration.

  • The guest on the source and destination hosts must be started in the same way.

  • -snapshot qemu command line option should not be used for migration (and this qemu command line option is not supported).

Important
Important: Support Status

The postcopy mode is not yet supported in openSUSE Leap. It is released as a technology preview only. For more information about postcopy, see http://wiki.qemu.org/Features/PostCopyLiveMigration.

More recommendations can be found at the following Web site: http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Migration

The live migration process has the following steps:

  1. The virtual machine instance is running on the source host.

  2. The virtual machine is started on the destination host in the frozen listening mode. The parameters used are the same as on the source host plus the -incoming tcp:IP:PORT parameter, where IP specifies the IP address and PORT specifies the port for listening to the incoming migration. If 0 is set as IP address, the virtual machine listens on all interfaces.

  3. On the source host, switch to the monitor console and use the migrate -d tcp: DESTINATION_IP:PORT command to initiate the migration.

  4. To determine the state of the migration, use the info migrate command in the monitor console on the source host.

  5. To cancel the migration, use the migrate_cancel command in the monitor console on the source host.

  6. To set the maximum tolerable downtime for migration in seconds, use the migrate_set_downtime NUMBER_OF_SECONDS command.

  7. To set the maximum speed for migration in bytes per second, use the migrate_set_speed BYTES_PER_SECOND command.

29.11 QMP - QEMU Machine Protocol

QMP is a JSON-based protocol that allows applications—such as libvirt—to communicate with a running QEMU instance. There are several ways you can access the QEMU monitor using QMP commands.

29.11.1 Access QMP via Standard Input/Output

The most flexible way to use QMP is by specifying the -mon option. The following example creates a QMP instance using standard input/output. Note that in the following examples, -> marks lines with commands sent from client to the running QEMU instance, while <- marks lines with the output returned from QEMU.

# qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-chardev stdio,id=mon0 \
-mon chardev=mon0,mode=control,pretty=on

<- {
    "QMP": {
        "version": {
            "qemu": {
                "micro": 0,
                "minor": 0,
                "major": 2
            },
            "package": ""
        },
        "capabilities": [
        ]
    }
}

When a new QMP connection is established, QMP sends its greeting message and enters capabilities negotiation mode. In this mode, only the qmp_capabilities command works. To exit capabilities negotiation mode and enter command mode, the qmp_capabilities command must be issued first:

-> { "execute": "qmp_capabilities" }
<- {
    "return": {
    }
}

Note that "return": {} is a QMP's success response.

QMP's commands can have arguments. For example to eject a CD-ROM drive, enter the following:

->{ "execute": "eject", "arguments": { "device": "ide1-cd0" } }
<- {
    "timestamp": {
        "seconds": 1410353381,
        "microseconds": 763480
    },
    "event": "DEVICE_TRAY_MOVED",
    "data": {
        "device": "ide1-cd0",
        "tray-open": true
    }
}
{
    "return": {
    }
}

29.11.2 Access QMP via Telnet

Instead of the standard input/output, you can connect the QMP interface to a network socket and communicate with it via a specified port:

# qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-chardev socket,id=mon0,host=localhost,port=4444,server,nowait \
-mon chardev=mon0,mode=control,pretty=on

And then run telnet to connect to port 4444:

# telnet localhost 4444
Trying ::1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
<- {
    "QMP": {
        "version": {
            "qemu": {
                "micro": 0,
                "minor": 0,
                "major": 2
            },
            "package": ""
        },
        "capabilities": [
        ]
    }
}

You can create several monitor interfaces at the same time. The following example creates one HMP instance—human monitor which understands 'normal' QEMU monitor's commands—on the standard input/output, and one QMP instance on localhost port 4444:

# qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-chardev stdio,id=mon0 -mon chardev=mon0,mode=readline \
-chardev socket,id=mon1,host=localhost,port=4444,server,nowait \
  -mon chardev=mon1,mode=control,pretty=on

29.11.3 Access QMP via Unix Socket

Invoke QEMU using the -qmp option, and create a unix socket:

# qemu-system-x86_64 [...] \
-qmp unix:/tmp/qmp-sock,server --monitor stdio

QEMU waiting for connection on: unix:./qmp-sock,server

To communicate with the QEMU instance via the /tmp/qmp-sock socket, use nc (see man 1 nc for more information) from another terminal on the same host:

# nc -U /tmp/qmp-sock
<- {"QMP": {"version": {"qemu": {"micro": 0, "minor": 0, "major": 2} [...]

29.11.4 Access QMP via libvirt's virsh Command

If you run your virtual machines under libvirt (see Part II, “Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt), you can communicate with its running guests by running the virsh qemu-monitor-command:

# virsh qemu-monitor-command vm_guest1 \
--pretty '{"execute":"query-kvm"}'
<- {
    "return": {
        "enabled": true,
        "present": true
    },
    "id": "libvirt-8"
}

In the above example, we ran the simple command query-kvm which checks if the host is capable of running KVM and if KVM is enabled.

Tip
Tip: Generating Human-Readable Output

To use the standard human-readable output format of QEMU instead of the JSON format, use the --hmp option:

# virsh qemu-monitor-command vm_guest1 --hmp "query-kvm"

Part VI Managing Virtual Machines with LXC

30 Linux Containers

31 Migration from LXC to libvirt-lxc

Since openSUSE Leap, LXC is integrated into libvirt library. This decision has several advantages over using LXC as a separate solution—such as a unified approach with other virtualization solutions or independence on the kernel used. This chapter describes steps needed to migrate an existing LXC en…

30 Linux Containers

30.1 Setting Up LXC Distribution Containers

A container is a kind of virtual machine that can be started, stopped, frozen, or cloned (to name but a few tasks). To set up an LXC container, you first need to create a root file system containing the guest distribution:

Procedure 30.1: Creating a Root File System

There is currently no GUI to create a root file system. You will thus need to open a terminal and use zypper as user root to populate the new root file system. In the following steps, the new root file system will be created in /PATH/TO/ROOTFS.

  1. Add the openSUSE Leap repository and the corresponding update repository to the new root file system:

    root # zypper --root /PATH/TO/ROOTFS ar http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/42.3/repo/oss/ OSS
    root # zypper --root /PATH/TO/ROOTFS ar http://download.opensuse.org/update/leap/42.3/oss/ Update-OSS
  2. Refresh the repositories:

    root # zypper --root /PATH/TO/ROOTFS ref
  3. Install a minimal system:

    root # zypper --root /PATH/TO/ROOTFS in -t pattern minimal_base
  4. Set the root password:

    root # echo "ttyS0" >>/PATH/TO/ROOTFS/etc/securetty
    root # echo "root:YOURPASSWD" | chpasswd -R /PATH/TO/ROOTFS
Procedure 30.2: Defining the Container
  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager.

  2. (Optional) If not already present, add a local LXC connection by clicking File › Add Connection.

    Select LXC (Linux Containers) as the hypervisor and click Connect.

  3. Select the localhost (LXC) connection and click File New Virtual Machine menu.

  4. Activate Operating system container and click Forward.

  5. Type the path to the root file system from Procedure 30.1, “Creating a Root File System” and click the Forward button.

  6. Choose the maximum amount of memory and CPUs to allocate to the container. Then click the Forward button.

  7. Type in a name for the container. This name will be used for all virsh commands on the container.

    Click Advanced options. Select the network to connect the container to and click the Finish button: the container will then be created and started. A console will also be automatically opened.

Warning
Warning: Container Network

To configure the container network, edit the /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-* files. Make sure not to change the IPv6 setting: this would lead to errors while starting the network.

30.2 Setting Up LXC Application Containers

Libvirt also allows to run single applications instead of full blown Linux distributions in containers. In this example, bash will be started in its own container.

Procedure 30.3: Defining an Application Container Using YaST
  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager.

  2. (Optional) If not already present, add a local LXC connection by clicking File › Add Connection.

    Select LXC (Linux Containers) as the hypervisor and click Connect.

  3. Select the localhost (LXC) connection and click File New Virtual Machine menu.

  4. Activate Application container and click Forward.

    Set the path to the application to be launched. As an example, the field is filled with /bin/sh, which is fine to create a first container. Click Forward.

  5. Choose the maximum amount of memory and CPUs to allocate to the container. Click Forward.

  6. Type in a name for the container. This name will be used for all virsh commands on the container.

    Click Advanced options. Select the network to connect the container to and click Finish. The container will be created and started. A console will be opened automatically.

    Note that the container will be destroyed after the application has finished running.

30.3 Securing a Container Using AppArmor

By default, containers are not secured using AppArmor or SELinux. There is no graphical user interface to change the security model for a libvirt domain, but virsh will help.

  1. Edit the container XML configuration using virsh:

    virsh -c lxc:/// edit MYCONTAINER
  2. Add the following to the XML configuration, save it and exit the editor.

    <domain>
        ...
        <seclabel type="dynamic" model="apparmor"/>
        ...
    </domain>
  3. With this configuration, an AppArmor profile for the container will be created in the /etc/apparmor.d/libvirt directory. The default profile only allows the minimum applications to run in the container. This can be changed by modifying the libvirt-CONTAINER-uuid file: this file is not overwritten by libvirt.

30.4 Differences Between the libvirt LXC Driver and LXC

openSUSE versions prior to Leap were shipping LXC, while openSUSE Leap comes with the libvirt LXC driver, sometimes named libvirt-lxc to avoid confusion. The containers are not managed or configured in the same way in these tools. Here is a non-exhaustive list of differences.

The main difference is that domain configuration in libvirt is an XML file, while LXC configuration is a properties file. Most of the LXC properties can be mapped to the domain XML. The properties that cannot be migrated are:

  • lxc.network.script.up: this script can be implemented using the /etc/libvirt/hooks/network libvirt hook, though the script will need to be adapted.

  • lxc.network.ipv*: libvirt cannot set the container network configuration from the domain configuration.

  • lxc.network.name: libvirt cannot set the container network card name.

  • lxc.devttydir: libvirt does not allow changing the location of the console devices.

  • lxc.console: there is currently no way to log the output of the console into a file on the host for libvirt LXC containers.

  • lxc.pivotdir: libvirt does not allow to fine-tune the directory used for the pivot_root. /.olroot is used.

  • lxc.rootfs.mount: libvirt does not allow to fine-tune this.

LXC VLAN networks automatically create the VLAN interface on the host and then move it into the guest namespace. libvirt-lxc configuration can mention a VLAN tag ID only for Open vSwitch tap devices or PCI pass-through of SR-IOV VF. The conversion tool actually needs the user to manually create the VLAN interface on the host side.

LXC rootfs can also be an image file, but LXC brute-forces the mount to try to detect the proper file system format. libvirt-lxc can mount image files of several formats, but the 'auto' value for the format parameter is explicitly not supported. This means that the generated configuration will need to be tweaked by the user to get a proper match in that case.

LXC can support any cgroup configuration, even future ones, while libvirt domain configuration, needs to map each of them.

LXC can mount block devices in the rootfs, but it cannot mount raw partition files: the file needs to be manually attached to a loop device. On the other hand libvirt-lxc can mount block devices, but also partition files of any format.

30.5 For More Information

LXC Container Driver

http://libvirt.org/drvlxc.html

31 Migration from LXC to libvirt-lxc

Since openSUSE Leap, LXC is integrated into libvirt library. This decision has several advantages over using LXC as a separate solution—such as a unified approach with other virtualization solutions or independence on the kernel used. This chapter describes steps needed to migrate an existing LXC environment for use with the libvirt library.

31.1 Host Migration

The migration itself has two phases. You first need to migrate the host, then the LXC containers. After that, you can run the original containers as VM Guests in the libvirt environment.

Procedure 31.1: Host Migration
  1. Upgrade the host to openSUSE Leap 12 using the official DVD media.

  2. After the upgrade, install the libvirt-daemon-lxc and libvirt-daemon-config-network packages.

  3. Create a libvirt XML configuration lxc_container.xml from the existing container lxc_container:

    # virt-lxc-convert /etc/lxc/lxc_container/config > lxc_container.xml
  4. Check if the network configuration on the host is the same as in the container configuration file, and fix it if needed.

  5. Check the lxc_container.xml file for any weird or missing configuration. Note that some LXC configuration options cannot be mapped to libvirt configuration. Although the conversion should usually be fine, check Section 30.4, “Differences Between the libvirt LXC Driver and LXC” for more details.

  6. Define the container in libvirt based on the created XML definition:

    # virsh -c lxc:/// define lxc_container.xml

31.2 Container Migration

After the host is migrated, the LXC container in libvirt will not boot. It needs to be migrated to openSUSE Leap as well to get everything working.

Procedure 31.2: Container Migration
  1. The baseproduct file is missing (and zypper keeps complaining about it). Create the relevant symbolic link:

    # ROOTFS=/var/lib/lxc/lxc_container/rootfs
    # ln -s $ROOTFS/etc/products.d/SUSE_SLES.prod $ROOTFS/etc/products.d/baseproduct
  2. Add the DVD repository. Note that you need to replace the DVD device with the one attached to your container:

    # zypper --root $ROOTFS ar \
    cd:///?devices=/dev/dvd SLES12-12
  3. Disable or remove previous repositories:

    # zypper --root $ROOTFS lr
      | Alias                       | Name                         | Enabled | Refresh
    --+-----------------------------+------------------------------+---------+--------
    1 | SLES12-12                   | SLES12-12                    | Yes     | No
    2 | SUSE-[...]-Server-11-SP3 38 | SUSE-[...]-Server-11-SP3 138 | Yes     | No
    
    # zypper --root $ROOTFS rr 2
  4. Upgrade the container:

    # zypper --root $ROOTFS dup
  5. Install the Minimal pattern to make sure everything required is installed:

    # zypper --root $ROOTFS in -t pattern Minimal

31.3 Starting the Container

After the host and container migration is complete, the container can be started:

# virsh -c lxc:/// start lxc_container

If you need to get a console to view the logging messages produced by the container, run:

# virsh -c lxc:/// console lxc_container

Glossary

General

Create Virtual Machine Wizard

A software program available in YaST and Virtual Machine Manager that provides a graphical interface to guide you through the steps to create virtual machines. It can also be run in text mode by entering virt-install at a command prompt in the host environment.

Dom0

The term is used in Xen environments, and refers to a virtual machine. The host operating system is actually a virtual machine running in a privileged domain and can be called Dom0. All other virtual machines on the host run in unprivileged domains and can be called domain U's.

hardware-assisted

Intel* and AMD* provide virtualization hardware-assisted technology. This reduces the frequency of VM IN/OUT (fewer VM traps), because software is a major source of overhead, and increases the efficiency (the execution is done by the hardware). Moreover, this reduces the memory footprint, provides better resource control, and allows secure assignment of specific I/O devices.

Host Environment

The desktop or command line environment that allows interaction with the host computer's environment. It provides a command line environment and can also include a graphical desktop, such as GNOME or IceWM. The host environment runs as a special type of virtual machine that has privileges to control and manage other virtual machines. Other commonly used terms include Dom0, privileged domain, and host operating system.

Hypervisor

The software that coordinates the low-level interaction between virtual machines and the underlying physical computer hardware.

KVM

See Chapter 3, Introduction to KVM Virtualization

Paravirtualized Frame Buffer

The video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data for virtual machine displays running in paravirtual mode.

VHS

Virtualization Host Server

The physical computer running a SUSE virtualization platform software. The virtualization environment consists of the hypervisor, the host environment, virtual machines, and associated tools, commands, and configuration files. Other commonly used terms include host, Host Computer, Host Machine (HM), Virtual Server (VS), Virtual Machine Host (VMH), and VM Host Server (VHS).

VirtFS

VirtFS is a new paravirtualized file system interface designed for improving pass-through technologies in the KVM environment. It is based on the VirtIO framework.

Virtual Machine

A virtualized PC environment (VM) capable of hosting a guest operating system and associated applications. Could be also called a VM Guest.

Virtual Machine Manager

A software program that provides a graphical user interface for creating and managing virtual machines.

Virtualized

A guest operating system or application running on a virtual machine.

Xen

See Chapter 2, Introduction to Xen Virtualization

xl

A set of commands for Xen that lets administrators manage virtual machines from a command prompt on the host computer. It replaced the deprecated xm tool stack.

CPU

CPU capping

Virtual CPU capping allows you to set vCPU capacity to 1–100 percent of the physical CPU capacity.

CPU hotplugging

CPU hotplugging is used to describe the functions of replacing/adding/removing a CPU without shutting down the system.

CPU over-commitment

Virtual CPU over-commitment is the ability to assign more virtual CPUs to VMs than the actual number of physical CPUs present in the physical system. This procedure does not increase the overall performance of the system, but might be useful for testing purposes.

CPU pinning

Processor affinity, or CPU pinning enables the binding and unbinding of a process or a thread to a central processing unit (CPU) or a range of CPUs.

Network

Bridged Networking

A type of network connection that lets a virtual machine be identified on an external network as a unique identity that is separate from and unrelated to its host computer.

Empty Bridge

A type of network bridge that has no physical network device or virtual network device provided by the host. This lets virtual machines communicate with other virtual machines on the same host but not with the host or on an external network.

External Network

The network outside a host's internal network environment.

Internal Network

A type of network configuration that restricts virtual machines to their host environment.

Local Bridge

A type of network bridge that has a virtual network device but no physical network device provided by the host. This lets virtual machines communicate with the host and other virtual machines on the host. Virtual machines can communicate on an external network through the host.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A type of network connection that lets a virtual machine use the IP address and MAC address of the host.

No Host Bridge

A type of network bridge that has a physical network device but no virtual network device provided by the host. This lets virtual machines communicate on an external network but not with the host. This lets you separate virtual machine network communications from the host environment.

Traditional Bridge

A type of network bridge that has both a physical network device and a virtual network device provided by the host.

Storage

AHCI

The Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is a technical standard defined by Intel* that specifies the operation of Serial ATA (SATA) host bus adapters in a non-implementation-specific manner.

Block Device

Data storage devices, such as CD-ROM drives or disk drives, that move data in the form of blocks. Partitions and volumes are also considered block devices.

File-Backed Virtual Disk

A virtual disk based on a file, also called a disk image file.

Raw Disk

A method of accessing data on a disk at the individual byte level instead of through its file system.

Sparse image file

A disk image file that does not reserve its entire amount of disk space but expands as data is written to it.

xvda

The drive designation given to the first virtual disk on a paravirtual machine.

Linux Containers

cgroups

Kernel Control Groups (commonly called cgroups) are a kernel feature that allows aggregating or partitioning tasks (processes) and all their children into hierarchical organized groups to isolate resources.

See also Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide”, Chapter 9 “Kernel Control Groups”.

chroot

A change root (chroot, or change root jail) is a section in the file system that is isolated from the rest of the file system. For this purpose, the chroot or pivot_root command is used to change the root of the file system. A program that is executed in such a chroot jail cannot access files outside the designated directory tree.

container

Can be seen as a kind of virtual machine on the host server that can run any Linux system, for example openSUSE, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. The main difference with a normal virtual machine is that the container shares its kernel with the host it runs on.

Kernel namespaces

A kernel feature to isolate some resources like network, users, and others for a group of processes.

Acronyms

ACPI

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification provides an open standard for device configuration and power management by the operating system.

AER

Advanced Error Reporting

AER is a capability provided by the PCI Express specification which allows for reporting of PCI errors and recovery from some of them.

APIC

Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) is a family of interrupt controllers.

BDF

Bus:Device:Function

Notation used to succinctly describe PCI and PCIe devices.

CG

Control Groups

Feature to limit, account and isolate resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, etc.).

EDF

Earliest Deadline First

This scheduler provides weighted CPU sharing in an intuitive way and uses real-time algorithms to ensure time guarantees.

EPT

Extended Page Tables

Performance in a virtualized environment is close to that in a native environment. Virtualization does create some overheads, however. These come from the virtualization of the CPU, the MMU, and the I/O devices. In some recent x86 processors AMD and Intel have begun to provide hardware extensions to help bridge this performance gap. In 2006, both vendors introduced their first generation hardware support for x86 virtualization with AMD-Virtualization (AMD-V) and Intel® VT-x technologies. Recently Intel introduced its second generation of hardware support that incorporates MMU-virtualization, called Extended Page Tables (EPT). EPT-enabled systems can improve performance compared to using shadow paging for MMU virtualization. EPT increases memory access latencies for a few workloads. This cost can be reduced by effectively using large pages in the guest and the hypervisor.

FLASK

Flux Advanced Security Kernel

Xen implements a type of mandatory access control via a security architecture called FLASK using a module of the same name.

HAP

High Assurance Platform

HAP combines hardware and software technologies to improve workstation and network security.

HVM

Hardware Virtual Machine (commonly called like this by Xen).

IOMMU

Input/Output Memory Management Unit

IOMMU (AMD* technology) is a memory management unit (MMU) that connects a direct memory access-capable (DMA-capable) I/O bus to the main memory.

KSM

Kernel Same Page Merging

KSM allows for automatic sharing of identical memory pages between guests to save host memory. KVM is optimized to use KSM if enabled on the VM Host Server.

MMU

Memory Management Unit

is a computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to memory requested by the CPU. Its functions include translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses (that is, virtual memory management), memory protection, cache control, bus arbitration and in simpler computer architectures (especially 8-bit systems) bank switching.

PAE

Physical Address Extension

32-bit x86 operating systems use Physical Address Extension (PAE) mode to enable addressing of more than 4 GB of physical memory. In PAE mode, page table entries (PTEs) are 64 bits in size.

PCID

Process-context identifiers

These are a facility by which a logical processor may cache information for multiple linear-address spaces so that the processor may retain cached information when software switches to a different linear address space. INVPCID instruction is used for fine-grained TLB flush, which is benefit for kernel.

PCIe

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

PCIe was designed to replace older PCI, PCI-X and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements including a higher maximum system bus throughput, a lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint. Moreover it also has a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (AER), and a native hotplug functionality. It is also backward compatible with PCI.

PSE and PSE36

Page Size Extended

PSE refers to a feature of x86 processors that allows for pages larger than the traditional 4 KiB size. PSE-36 capability offers 4 more bits, in addition to the normal 10 bits, which are used inside a page directory entry pointing to a large page. This allows a large page to be located in 36-bit address space.

PT

Page Table

A page table is the data structure used by a virtual memory system in a computer operating system to store the mapping between virtual addresses and physical addresses. Virtual addresses are those unique to the accessing process. Physical addresses are those unique to the hardware (RAM).

QXL

QXL is a cirrus VGA framebuffer (8M) driver for virtualized environment.

RVI or NPT

Rapid Virtualization Indexing, Nested Page Tables

An AMD second generation hardware-assisted virtualization technology for the processor memory management unit (MMU).

SATA

Serial ATA

SATA is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disks and optical drives.

Seccomp2-based sandboxing

Sandboxed environment where only predetermined system calls are permitted for added protection against malicious behavior.

SMEP

Supervisor Mode Execution Protection

This prevents the execution of user-mode pages by the Xen hypervisor, making many application-to-hypervisor exploits much harder.

SPICE

Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments

SXP

An SXP file is a Xen Configuration File.

TCG

Tiny Code Generator

Instructions are emulated rather than executed by the CPU.

THP

Transparent Huge Pages

This allows CPUs to address memory using pages larger than the default 4 KB. This helps reduce memory consumption and CPU cache usage. KVM is optimized to use THP (via madvise and opportunistic methods) if enabled on the VM Host Server.

TLB

Translation Lookaside Buffer

TLB is a cache that memory management hardware uses to improve virtual address translation speed. All current desktop, notebook, and server processors use a TLB to map virtual and physical address spaces, and it is nearly always present in any hardware that uses virtual memory.

VCPU

A scheduling entity, containing each state for virtualized CPU.

VDI

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure

VFIO

Since kernel v3.6; a new method of accessing PCI devices from user space called VFIO.

VHS

Virtualization Host Server

VM root

VMM will run in VMX root operation and guest software will run in VMX non-root operation. Transitions between VMX root operation and VMX non-root operation are called VMX transitions.

VMCS

Virtual Machine Control Structure

VMX non-root operation and VMX transitions are controlled by a data structure called a virtual-machine control structure (VMCS). Access to the VMCS is managed through a component of processor state called the VMCS pointer (one per logical processor). The value of the VMCS pointer is the 64-bit address of the VMCS. The VMCS pointer is read and written using the instructions VMPTRST and VMPTRLD. The VMM configures a VMCS using the VMREAD, VMWRITE, and VMCLEAR instructions. A VMM could use a different VMCS for each virtual machine that it supports. For a virtual machine with multiple logical processors (virtual processors), the VMM could use a different VMCS for each virtual processor.

VMDq

Virtual Machine Device Queue

Multi-queue network adapters exist which support multiple VMs at the hardware level, having separate packet queues associated to the different hosted VMs (by means of the IP addresses of the VMs).

VMM

Virtual Machine Monitor (Hypervisor)

When the processor encounters an instruction or event of interest to the Hypervisor (VMM), it exits from guest mode back to the VMM. The VMM emulates the instruction or other event, at a fraction of native speed, and then returns to guest mode. The transitions from guest mode to the VMM and back again are high-latency operations, during which guest execution is completely stalled.

VMX

Virtual Machine eXtensions

VPID

New support for software control of TLB (VPID improves TLB performance with small VMM development effort).

VT-d

Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O

Like IOMMU for Intel*.

vTPM

Component to establish end-to-end integrity for guests via Trusted Computing.

A Appendix

A.1 Generating x509 Client/Server Certificates

To be able to create x509 client and server certificates you need to issue them by a Certificate Authority (CA). It is recommended to set up an independent CA that only issues certificates for libvirt.

  1. Set up a CA as described in Book “Security Guide”, Chapter 17 “Managing X.509 Certification”, Section 17.2.1 “Creating a Root CA”.

  2. Create a server and a client certificate as described in Book “Security Guide”, Chapter 17 “Managing X.509 Certification”, Section 17.2.4 “Creating or Revoking User Certificates”. The Common Name (CN) for the server certificate must be the fully qualified host name, while the Common Name for the client certificate can be freely chosen. For all other fields stick with the defaults suggested by YaST.

    Export the client and server certificates to a temporary location (for example, /tmp/x509/) by performing the following steps:

    1. Select the certificate on the certificates tab.

    2. Choose Export › Export to File › Certificate and the Key Unencrypted in PEM Format, provide the Certificate Password and the full path and the file name under File Name, for example, /tmp/x509/server.pem or /tmp/x509/client.pem.

    3. Open a terminal and change to the directory where you have saved the certificate and issue the following commands to split it into certificate and key (this example splits the server key):

      csplit -z -f s_ server.pem '/-----BEGIN/' '{1}'
             mv s_00 servercert.pem
             mv s_01 serverkey.pem
    4. Repeat the procedure for each client and server certificate you want to export.

  3. Finally export the CA certificate by performing the following steps:

    1. Switch to the Description tab.

    2. Choose Advanced › Export to File › Only the Certificate in PEM Format and enter the full path and the file name under File Name, for example, /tmp/x509/cacert.pem.

B XM, XL Toolstacks and Libvirt framework

B.1 Xen Toolstacks

Since the early Xen 2.x releases, xend has been the de facto toolstack for managing Xen installations. In Xen 4.1, a new toolstack called libxenlight (also known as libxl) was introduced with technology preview status. libxl is a small, low-level library written in C. It has been designed to provide a simple API for all client toolstacks (XAPI, libvirt, xl). In Xen 4.2, libxl was promoted to officially supported status and xend was marked deprecated. xend has been included in the Xen 4.3 and 4.4 series to give users ample time to convert their tooling to libxl, but it has been removed from the upstream Xen project and will no longer be provided starting with the Xen 4.5 series and openSUSE Leap 42.1.

. Starting with openSUSE Leap 42.1, xend is no longer supported.

One of the major differences between xend and libxl is that the former is stateful, while the latter is stateless. With xend, all client applications such as xm and libvirt see the same system state. xend is responsible for maintaining state for the entire Xen host. In libxl, client applications such as xl or libvirt must maintain state. Thus domains created with xl or not visible or known to other libxl applications such as libvirt. Generally, it is discouraged to mix and match libxl applications and is preferred that a single libxl application be used to manage a Xen host. In SUSE Linux Enterprise 12 , it is recommended to use libvirt to manage Xen hosts, allowing management of the Xen system through libvirt applications such as virt-manager, virt-install, virt-viewer, libguestfs, etc. If xl is used to manage the Xen host, any virtual machines under its management will not be accessible to libvirt, and hence not accessible to any of the libvirt applications.

B.1.1 Upgrading from xend/xm to xl/libxl

The xl application, along with its configuration format (see man xl.cfg), was designed to be backward-compatible with the xm application and its configuration format (see man xm.cfg). Existing xm configuration should be usable with xl. Since libxl is stateless, and xl does not support the notion of managed domains, SUSE recommends using libvirt to manage SLES 12 Xen hosts. SUSE has provided a tool called xen2libvirt, which provides a simple mechanism to import domains previously managed by xend into libvirt. See Section B.2, “Import Xen Domain Configuration into libvirt for more information on xen2libvirt.

B.1.2 XL design

The basic structure of every xl command is:

xl subcommand OPTIONS DOMAIN

DOMAIN is the numeric domain id, or the domain name (which will be internally translated to domain id), and OPTIONS are subcommand specific options.

Although xl/libxl was designed to be backward-compatible with xm/xend, there are a few differences that should be noted:

  • Managed or persistent domains. libvirt now provides this functionality.

  • xl/libxl does not support Python code in the domain configuration files.

  • xl/libxl does not support creating domains from SXP format configuration files (xm create -F).

  • xl/libxl does not support sharing storage across DomU's via w! in domain configuration files.

xl/libxl is relatively new and under heavy development, hence a few features are still missing with regard to the xm/xend toolstack:

  • SCSI LUN/Host pass-through (PVSCSI)

  • USB pass-through (PVUSB)

  • Direct Kernel Boot for fully virtualized Linux guests for Xen

B.1.3 Checklist before Upgrade

Before upgrading a SLES 11 SP3 Xen host to SLES 12:

  • You must remove any Python code from your xm domain configuration files.

  • It is recommended to capture the libvirt domain XML from all existing virtual machines using virsh dumpxml DOMAIN_NAME DOMAIN_NAME.xml.

  • It is recommended to do a backup of /etc/xen/xend-config.sxp and /boot/grub/menu.lst files to keep references of previous parameters used for Xen.

Note
Note

Currently, live migrating virtual machines running on a SLES 11 SP3 Xen host to a SLES 12 Xen host is not supported. The xend and libxl toolstacks are not runtime-compatible. Virtual machine downtime will be required to move the virtual machines from SLES 11 SP3 to a SLES 12 host.

B.2 Import Xen Domain Configuration into libvirt

xen2libvirt is a command line tool to import legacy Xen domain configuration into the libvirt virtualization library (see The Virtualization book for more information on libvirt). xen2libvirt provides an easy way to import domains managed by the deprecated xm/xend tool stack into the new libvirt/libxl tool stack. Several domains can be imported at once using its --recursive mode

xen2libvirt is included in the xen-tools package. If needed, install it with

zypper install xen-tools

xen2libvirt general syntax is

xen2libvirt <options> /path/to/domain/config

where options can be:

-h, --help

Prints short information about xen2libvirt usage.

-c, --convert-only

Converts the domain configuration to the libvirt XML format, but does not do the import to libvirt.

-r, --recursive

Converts and/or imports all domains configuration recursively, starting at the specified path.

-f, --format

Specifies the format of the source domain configuration. Can be either xm, or sexpr (S-expression format).

-v, --verbose

Prints more detailed information about the import process.

Example B.1: Converting Xen Domain Configuration to libvirt

Suppose you have a Xen domain managed with xm with the following configuration saved in /etc/xen/sle12.xm:

kernel = "/boot/vmlinuz-2.6-xenU"
  memory = 128
  name = "SLE12"      
  root = "/dev/hda1 ro"
  disk = [ "file:/var/xen/sle12.img,hda1,w" ]

Convert it to libvirt XML without importing it, and look at its content:

# xen2libvirt -f xm -c /etc/xen/sle12.xm > /etc/libvirt/qemu/sles12.xml
  # cat /etc/libvirt/qemu/sles12.xml
  <domain type='xen'>
  <name>SLE12</name>
  <uuid>43e1863c-8116-469c-a253-83d8be09aa1d</uuid>
  <memory unit='KiB'>131072</memory>
  <currentMemory unit='KiB'>131072</currentMemory>
  <vcpu placement='static'>1</vcpu>
  <os>
  <type arch='x86_64' machine='xenpv'>linux</type>
  <kernel>/boot/vmlinuz-2.6-xenU</kernel>
  </os>
  <clock offset='utc' adjustment='reset'/>
  <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
  <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
  <on_crash>restart</on_crash>
  <devices>
  <disk type='file' device='disk'>
  <driver name='file'/>
  <source file='/var/xen/sle12.img'/>
  <target dev='hda1' bus='xen'/>
  </disk>
  <console type='pty'>
  <target type='xen' port='0'/>
  </console>
  </devices>
  </domain>

To import the domain into libvirt, you can either run the same xen2libvirt command without the -c option, or use the exported file /etc/libvirt/qemu/sles12.xml and define a new Xen domain using virsh:

# sudo virsh define /etc/libvirt/qemu/sles12.xml

B.3 Differences Between the xm and xl Applications

The purpose of this chapter is to list all differences between xm and xl applications. Generally, xl is designed to be compatible with xm. Replacing xm with xl in custom scripts or tools is usually sufficient.

You can also use the libvirt framework using the virsh command. In this documentation only the first OPTION for virsh will be shown. To get more help on this option do a:

virsh help OPTION

B.3.1 Notation Conventions

To easily understand the difference between xl and xm commands, the following notation is used in this section:

Table B.1: Notation Conventions

Notation

Meaning

(-) minus

Option exists in xm, but xl does not include it.

(+) plus

Option exists in xl, but xm does not include it.

B.3.2 New Global Options

Table B.2: New Global Options

Options

Task

(+) -v

Verbose, increase the verbosity of the output

(+) -N

Dry run, do not actually execute the command

(+) -f

Force execution. xl will refuse to run some commands if it detects that xend is also running, this option will force the execution of those commands, even though it is unsafe

B.3.3 Unchanged Options

List of common options of xl and xm, and their libvirt equivalents.

Table B.3: Common Options

Options

Task

libvirt equivalent

destroy DOMAIN

Immediately terminate the domain.

virsh destroy

domid DOMAIN_NAME

Convert a domain name to a DOMAIN_ID.

virsh domid

domname DOMAIN_ID

Convert a DOMAIN_ID to a DOMAIN_NAME.

virsh domname

help

Display the short help message (that is, common commands).

virsh help

pause DOMAIN_ID

Pause a domain. When in a paused state, the domain will still consume allocated resources such as memory, but will not be eligible for scheduling by the Xen hypervisor.

virsh suspend

unpause DOMAIN_ID

Move a domain out of the paused state. This will allow a previously paused domain to be eligible for scheduling by the Xen hypervisor.

virsh resume

rename DOMAIN_ID NEW_DOMAIN_NAME

Change the domain name of DOMAIN_ID to NEW_DOMAIN_NAME.

  1. virsh dumpxml DOMAINNAME >
              DOMXML
  2. modify the domain's name in DOMXML

  3. virsh undefine DOMAINNAME
  4. virsh define DOMAINNAME

sysrq DOMAIN <letter>

Send a Magic System Request to the domain, each type of request is represented by a different letter. It can be used to send SysRq requests to Linux guests, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysrq.html for more information. It requires PV drivers to be installed in your guest OS.

virsh send-keys can send Magic Sys Req only for KVM

vncviewer OPTIONS DOMAIN

Attach to domain's VNC server, forking a vncviewer process.

virt-view DOMAIN_ID

virsh VNCDISPLAY

vcpu-set DOMAIN_ID <vCPUs>

Enable the vcpu-count virtual CPUs for the domain in question. Like mem-set, this command can only allocate up to the maximum virtual CPU count configured at boot for the domain.

virsh setvcpus

vcpu-list DOMAIN_ID

List VCPU information for a specific domain. If no domain is specified, VCPU information for all domains will be provided.

virsh vcpuinfo

vcpu-pin DOMAIN_ID <VCPU|all> <CPUs|all>

Pin the VCPU to only run on the specific CPUs. The keyword all can be used to apply the CPU list to all VCPUs in the domain.

virsh vcpupin

dmesg [-c]

Read the Xen message buffer, similar to dmesg on a Linux system. The buffer contains informational, warning, and error messages created during Xen's boot process.

top

Execute the xentop command, which provides real time monitoring of domains. xentop is a curses interface.

virsh nodecpustats

virsh nodememstats

uptime [-s] DOMAIN

Print the current uptime of the domains running. With the xl command, the DOMAIN argument is mandatory.

debug-keys KEYS

Send debug keys to Xen. It is the same as pressing the Xen conswitch (Ctrl-A by default) three times and then pressing "keys".

cpupool-migrate DOMAIN CPU_POOL

Move a domain specified by DOMAIN_ID or DOMAIN into a CPU_POOL.

cpupool-destroy CPU_POOL

Deactivate a cpu pool. This is possible only if no domain is active in the cpu-pool.

block-detach DOMAIN_ID DevId

Detach a domain's virtual block device. devid may be the symbolic name or the numeric device id given to the device by Dom0. You will need to run xl block-list to determine that number.

virsh detach-disk

network-attach DOMAIN_ID NETWORK_DEVICE

Create a new network device in the domain specified by DOMAIN_ID. network-device describes the device to attach, using the same format as the vif string in the domain configuration file

virsh attach-interface

virsh attach-device

pci-attach DOMAIN <BDF> [Virtual Slot]

Hotplug a new pass-through PCI device to the specified domain. BDF is the PCI Bus/Device/Function of the physical device to be passed through.

virsh attach-device

pci-list DOMAIN_ID

List pass-through PCI devices for a domain

getenforce

Determine if the FLASK security module is loaded and enforcing its policy.

setenforce <1|0|Enforcing|Permissive>

Enable or disable enforcing of the FLASK access controls. The default is permissive and can be changed using the flask_enforcing option on the hypervisor's command line.

B.3.4 Removed Options

List of xm options which are no more available with the XL tool stack and a replacement solution if available.

B.3.4.1 Domain Management

The list of Domain management removed command and their replacement.

Table B.4: Domain Management Removed Options

Domain Management Removed Options

Options

Task

Equivalent

(-) log

Print out the Xend log.

This log file can be found in /var/log/xend.log

(-) delete

Remove a domain from Xend domain management. The list option shows the domain names

virsh undefine

(-) new

Adds a domain to Xend domain management

virsh define

(-) start

Start a Xend managed domain that was added using the xm new command

virsh start

(-) dryrun

Dry run - prints the resulting configuration in SXP but does not create the domain

xl -N

(-) reset

Reset a domain

virsh reset

(-) domstate

Show domain state

virsh domstate

(-) serve

Proxy Xend XMLRPC over stdio

(-) resume DOMAIN OPTIONS

Moves a domain out of the suspended state and back into memory

virsh resume

(-) suspend DOMAIN

Suspend a domain to a state file so that it can be later resumed using the resume subcommand. Similar to the save subcommand although the state file may not be specified

virsh managedsave

virsh suspend

B.3.4.2 USB Devices

USB options are not available with xl/libxl tool stack. virsh has the attach-device and detach-device options but it does not work yet with USB.

Table B.5: USB Devices Management Removed Options

USB Devices Management Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) usb-add

Add a new USB physical bus to a domain

(-) usb-del

Delete a USB physical bus from a domain

(-) usb-attach

Attach a new USB physical bus to domain's virtual port

(-) usb-detach

Detach a USB physical bus from domain's virtual port

(-) usb-list

List domain's attachment state of all virtual port

(-) usb-list-assignable-devices

List all the assignable USB devices

(-) usb-hc-create

Create a domain's new virtual USB host controller

(-) usb-hc-destroy

Destroy a domain's virtual USB host controller

B.3.4.3 CPU Management

CPU management options has changed. New options are available, see: Section B.3.5.10, “xl cpupool-*

Table B.6: CPU Management Removed options

CPU Management Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) cpupool-new

Adds a CPU pool to Xend CPU pool management

(-) cpupool-start

Starts a Xend CPU pool

(-) cpupool-delete

Removes a CPU pool from Xend management

B.3.4.4 Other Options

Table B.7: Other Options

Other Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) shell

Launch an interactive shell

(-) change-vnc-passwd

Change vnc password

(-) vtpm-list

List virtual TPM devices

(-) block-configure

Change block device configuration

B.3.5 Changed Options

B.3.5.1 create

xl create CONFIG_FILE OPTIONS VARS

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent:

virsh create

Table B.8: xl create Changed Options

create Changed Options

Options

Task

(*) -f=FILE, --defconfig=FILE

Use the given configuration file

Table B.9: xm create Removed Options

create Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -s, --skipdtd

Skip DTD checking - skips checks on XML before creating

(-) -x, --xmldryrun

XML dry run

(-) -F=FILE, --config=FILE

Use the given SXP formatted configuration script

(-) --path

Search path for configuration scripts

(-) --help_config

Print the available configuration variables (vars) for the configuration script

(-) -n, --dryrun

Dry run — prints the configuration in SXP but does not create the domain

(-) -c, --console_autoconnect

Connect to the console after the domain is created

(-) -q, --quiet

Quiet mode

(-) -p, --paused

Leave the domain paused after it is created

Table B.10: xl create Added Options

create Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -V, --vncviewer

Attach to domain's VNC server, forking a vncviewer process

(+) -A, --vncviewer-autopass

Pass VNC password to vncviewer via stdin

B.3.5.2 console

xl console OPTIONS DOMAIN

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh console

Table B.11: xl console Added Options

console Added Option

Option

Task

(+) -t [pv|serial]

Connect to a PV console or connect to an emulated serial console. PV consoles are the only consoles available for PV domains while HVM domains can have both

B.3.5.3 info

xl info

Table B.12: xm info Removed Options

info Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -n, --numa

Numa info

(-) -c, --config

List Xend configuration parameters

B.3.5.4 dump-core

xl dump-core DOMAIN FILENAME

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh dump

Table B.13: xm dump-core Removed Options

dump-core Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -L, --live

Dump core without pausing the domain

(-) -C, --crash

Crash domain after dumping core

(-) -R, --reset

Reset domain after dumping core

B.3.5.5 list

xl list options DOMAIN

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh list --all

Table B.14: xm list Removed Options

list Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -l, --long

The output for xm list presents the data in SXP format

(-) --state==STATE

Output information for VMs in the specified state

Table B.15: xl list Added Options

list Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -Z, --context

Also prints the security labels

(+) -v, --verbose

Also prints the domain UUIDs, the shutdown reason and security labels

B.3.5.6 mem-*

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh setmem

virsh setmaxmem

Table B.16: xl mem-* Changed Options

mem-* Changed Options

Options

Task

mem-max DOMAIN_ID MEM

Appending t for terabytes, g for gigabytes, m for megabytes,k for kilobytes and b for bytes. Specify the maximum amount of memory the domain can use.

mem-set DOMAIN_ID MEM

Set the domain's used memory using the balloon driver

B.3.5.7 migrate

xl migrate OPTIONS DOMAIN HOST

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh migrate --live hvm-sles11-qcow2 xen+ CONNECTOR://USER@IP_ADDRESS/

Table B.17: xm migrate Removed Options

migrate Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -l, --live

Use live migration. This will migrate the domain between hosts without shutting down the domain

(-) -r, --resource Mbs

Set maximum Mbs allowed for migrating the domain

(-) -c, --change_home_server

Change home server for managed domains

(-) --max_iters=MAX_ITERS

Number of iterations before final suspend (default:30)

(-) --max_factor=MAX_FACTOR

Max amount of memory to transfer before final suspend (default: 3*RAM).

(-) --min_remaining=MIN_REMAINING

Number of dirty pages before final suspend (default:50)

(-) --abort_if_busy

Abort migration instead of doing final suspend

(-) --log_progress

Log progress of migration to xend.log

(-) -s, --ssl

Use ssl connection for migration

Table B.18: xl migrate Added Options

migrate Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -s SSHCOMMAND

Use <sshcommand> instead of ssh

(+) -e

On the new host, do not wait in the background (on <host>) for the death of the domain

(+) -C CONFIG

Send <config> instead of a configuration file from creation

B.3.5.8 Domain Management

xl reboot OPTIONS DOMAIN

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh reboot

Table B.19: xm reboot Removed Options

reboot Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -a, --all

Reboot all domains

(-) -w, --wait

Wait for reboot to complete before returning. This may take a while, as all services in the domain need to be shut down cleanly

Table B.20: xl reboot Added Options

reboot Added Options

Option

Task

(+) -F

Fallback to ACPI reset event for HVM guests with no PV drivers

xl save OPTIONS DOMAIN CHECK_POINT_FILE CONFIG_FILE

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh save

Table B.21: xl save Added Options

save Added Options

Option

Task

(+) -c

Leave domain running after creating the snapshot

xl restore OPTIONS CONFIG_FILE CHECK_POINT_FILE

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh restore

Table B.22: xl restore Added Options

restore Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -p

Do not unpause domain after restoring it

(+) -e

Do not wait in the background for the death of the domain on the new host

(+) -d

Enable debug messages

(+) -V, --vncviewer

Attach to domain's VNC server, forking a vncviewer process

(+) -A, --vncviewer-autopass

Pass VNC password to vncviewer via stdin

xl shutdown OPTIONS DOMAIN

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh shutdown

Table B.23: xm shutdown Removed Options

shutdown Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -w, --wait

Wait for the domain to complete shutdown before returning

(-) -a

Shutdown all guest domains

(-) -R

(-) -H

Table B.24: xl shutdown Added Options

shutdown Added Options

Option

Task

(+) -F

If the guest does not support PV shutdown control then fallback to sending an ACPI power event

Table B.25: xl trigger Changed Options

trigger Changed Options

Option

Task

trigger DOMAIN <nmi|reset|init|power|sleep|s3resume> VCPU

Send a trigger to a domain. Only available for HVM domains

B.3.5.9 xl sched-*

xl sched-credit OPTIONS

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh schedinfo

Table B.26: xm sched-credit Removed Options

sched-credit Removed Options

Options

Task

-d DOMAIN, --domain=DOMAIN

Domain

-w WEIGHT, --weight=WEIGHT

A domain with a weight of 512 will get twice as much CPU as a domain with a weight of 256 on a contended host. Legal weights range from 1 to 65535 and the default is 256

-c CAP, --cap=CAP

The CAP optionally fixes the maximum amount of CPU a domain can consume

Table B.27: xl sched-credit Added Options

sched-credit Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -p CPUPOOL, --cpupool=CPUPOOL

Restrict output to domains in the specified cpupool

(+) -s, --schedparam

Specify to list or set pool-wide scheduler parameters

(+) -t TSLICE, --tslice_ms=TSLICE

Timeslice tells the scheduler how long to allow VMs to run before pre-empting

(+) -r RLIMIT, --ratelimit_us=RLIMIT

Ratelimit attempts to limit the number of schedules per second

xl sched-credit2 OPTIONS

Note
Note: libvirt Status

virsh only supports credit scheduler, not credit2 scheduler

Table B.28: xm sched-credit2 Removed Options

sched-credit2 Removed Options

Options

Task

-d DOMAIN, --domain=DOMAIN

Domain

-w WEIGHT, --weight=WEIGHT

Legal weights range from 1 to 65535 and the default is 256

Table B.29: xl sched-credit2 Added Options

sched-credit2 Added Options

Option

Task

(+) -p CPUPOOL, --cpupool=CPUPOOL

Restrict output to domains in the specified cpupool

xl sched-sedf OPTIONS

Table B.30: xm sched-sedf Removed Options

sched-sedf Removed Options

Options

Task

-p PERIOD, --period=PERIOD

The normal EDF scheduling usage in milliseconds

-s SLICE, --slice=SLICE

The normal EDF scheduling usage in milliseconds

-l LATENCY, --latency=LATENCY

Scaled period if domain is doing heavy I/O

-e EXTRA, --extra=EXTRA

Flag for allowing domain to run in extra time (0 or 1)

-w WEIGHT, --weight=WEIGHT

Another way of setting CPU slice

Table B.31: xl sched-sedf Added Options

sched-sedf Added Options

Options

Task

(+) -c CPUPOOL, --cpupool=CPUPOOL

Restrict output to domains in the specified cpupool

(+) -d DOMAIN, --domain=DOMAIN

Domain

B.3.5.10 xl cpupool-*

xl cpupool-cpu-remove CPU_POOL <CPU nr>|node:<node nr>

xl cpupool-list [-c|--cpus] CPU_POOL

Table B.32: xm cpupool-list Removed Options

cpupool-* Removed Options

Option

Task

(-) -l, --long

Output all CPU pool details in SXP format

xl cpupool-cpu-add CPU_POOL cpu-nr|node:node-nr

xl cpupool-create OPTIONS CONFIG_FILE [Variable=Value ...]

Table B.33: xm cpupool-create Removed Options

cpupool-create Removed Options

Options

Task

(-) -f FILE, --defconfig=FILE

Use the given Python configuration script. The configuration script is loaded after arguments have been processed

(-) -n, --dryrun

Dry run - prints the resulting configuration in SXP but does not create the CPU pool

(-) --help_config

Print the available configuration variables (vars) for the configuration script

(-) --path=PATH

Search path for configuration scripts. The value of PATH is a colon-separated directory list

(-) -F=FILE, --config=FILE

CPU pool configuration to use (SXP)

B.3.5.11 PCI and Block Devices

xl pci-detach [-f] DOMAIN_ID <BDF>

Note
Note: libvirt Equivalent

virsh detach-device

Table B.34: xl pci-detach Added Options

pci-detach Added Options

Option

Task

(+) -f

If -f is specified, xl is going to forcefully remove the device even without guest's collaboration

Table B.35: xm block-list Removed Options

block-list Removed Options

Option

Task

(-) -l, --long

List virtual block devices for a domain

Table B.36: Other Options

Option

libvirt equivalent

xl block-attach DOMAIN <disk-spec-component(s)>

virsh attach-disk/attach-device

xl block-list DOMAIN_ID

virsh domblklist

B.3.5.12 Network

Table B.37: Network Options

Option

libvirt equivalent

xl network-list DOMAIN(s)

virsh domiflist

xl network-detach DOMAIN_ID devid|mac

virsh detach-interface

xl network-attach DOMAIN(s)

virsh attach-interface/attach-device

Table B.38: xl network-attach Removed Options

Removed Options

Option

Task

(-) -l, --long

B.3.6 New Options

Table B.39: New Options

Options

Task

config-update DOMAIN CONFIG_FILE OPTIONS VARS

Update the saved configuration for a running domain. This has no immediate effect but will be applied when the guest is next restarted. This command is useful to ensure that runtime modifications made to the guest will be preserved when the guest is restarted

migrate-receive

sharing DOMAIN

List count of shared pages.List specifically for that domain. Otherwise, list for all domains

vm-list

Prints information about guests. This list excludes information about service or auxiliary domains such as Dom0 and stubdoms

cpupool-rename CPU_POOL NEWNAME

Renames a cpu-pool to newname

cpupool-numa-split

Splits up the machine into one cpu-pool per numa node

cd-insert DOMAIN <VirtualDevice> <type:path>

Insert a CD-ROM into a guest domain's existing virtual CD drive. The virtual drive must already exist but can be current empty

cd-eject DOMAIN <VirtualDevice>

Eject a CD-ROM from a guest's virtual CD drive. Only works with HVM domains

pci-assignable-list

List all the assignable PCI devices. These are devices in the system which are configured to be available for pass-through and are bound to a suitable PCI back-end driver in Dom0 rather than a real driver

pci-assignable-add <BDF>

Make the device at PCI Bus/Device/Function BDF assignable to guests.This will bind the device to the pciback driver

pci-assignable-remove OPTIONS <BDF>

Make the device at PCI Bus/Device/Function BDF assignable to guests. This will at least unbind the device from pciback

loadpolicy POLICY_FILE

Load FLASK policy from the given policy file. The initial policy is provided to the hypervisor as a multiboot module; this command allows runtime updates to the policy. Loading new security policy will reset runtime changes to device labels

B.5 Saving a Xen Guest Configuration in an xm Compatible Format

Although xl is now the current toolkit for managing Xen guests (apart from the preferred libvirt), you may need to export the guest configuration to the previously used xm format. To do this, follow these steps:

  1. First export the guest configuration to a file:

    virsh dumpxml guest_id > guest_cfg.xml
  2. Then convert the configuration to the xm format:

    virsh domxml-to-native xen-xm guest_cfg.xml > guest_xm_cfg
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