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Security Guide

Introduces basic concepts of system security, covering both local and network security aspects. Shows how to use the product inherent security software like AppArmor or the auditing system that reliably collects information about any security-relevant events.

Publication Date: April 21, 2020
About This Guide
Available Documentation
Giving Feedback
Documentation Conventions
Product Life Cycle and Support
1 Security and Confidentiality
1.1 Overview
1.2 Passwords
1.3 System Integrity
1.4 File Access
1.5 Networking
1.6 Software Vulnerabilities
1.7 Malware
1.8 Important Security Tips
1.9 Reporting Security Issues
I Authentication
2 Authentication with PAM
2.1 What is PAM?
2.2 Structure of a PAM Configuration File
2.3 The PAM Configuration of sshd
2.4 Configuration of PAM Modules
2.5 Configuring PAM Using pam-config
2.6 Manually Configuring PAM
2.7 For More Information
3 Using NIS
3.1 Configuring NIS Servers
3.2 Configuring NIS Clients
4 Setting Up Authentication Clients Using YaST
4.1 Configuring an Authentication Client with YaST
4.2 SSSD
5 LDAP—A Directory Service
5.1 Structure of an LDAP Directory Tree
5.2 Installing the Software for 389 Directory Server
5.3 Manually Configuring a 389 Directory Server
5.4 Setting Up a 389 Directory Server with YaST
5.5 Manually Administering LDAP Data
5.6 For More Information
6 Network Authentication with Kerberos
6.1 Conceptual Overview
6.2 Kerberos Terminology
6.3 How Kerberos Works
6.4 User View of Kerberos
6.5 Installing and Administering Kerberos
6.6 Setting up Kerberos using LDAP and Kerberos Client
6.7 Kerberos and NFS
6.8 For More Information
7 Active Directory Support
7.1 Integrating Linux and Active Directory Environments
7.2 Background Information for Linux Active Directory Support
7.3 Configuring a Linux Client for Active Directory
7.4 Logging In to an Active Directory Domain
7.5 Changing Passwords
II Local Security
8 Spectre/Meltdown Checker
8.1 Using spectre-meltdown-checker
8.2 Additional Information about Spectre/Meltdown
9 Configuring Security Settings with YaST
9.1 Security Overview
9.2 Predefined Security Configurations
9.3 Password Settings
9.4 Boot Settings
9.5 Login Settings
9.6 User Addition
9.7 Miscellaneous Settings
10 Authorization with PolKit
10.1 Conceptual Overview
10.2 Authorization Types
10.3 Querying Privileges
10.4 Modifying Configuration Files
10.5 Restoring the Default Privileges
11 Access Control Lists in Linux
11.1 Traditional File Permissions
11.2 Advantages of ACLs
11.3 Definitions
11.4 Handling ACLs
11.5 ACL Support in Applications
11.6 For More Information
12 Encrypting Partitions and Files
12.1 Setting Up an Encrypted File System with YaST
12.2 Encrypting Files with GPG
13 Certificate Store
13.1 Activating Certificate Store
13.2 Importing Certificates
14 Intrusion Detection with AIDE
14.1 Why Use AIDE?
14.2 Setting Up an AIDE Database
14.3 Local AIDE Checks
14.4 System Independent Checking
14.5 For More Information
III Network Security
15 X Window System and X Authentication
16 SSH: Secure Network Operations
16.1 ssh—Secure Shell
16.2 scp—Secure Copy
16.3 sftp—Secure File Transfer
16.4 The SSH Daemon (sshd)
16.5 SSH Authentication Mechanisms
16.6 Port Forwarding
16.7 Adding and Removing Public Keys on an Installed System
16.8 For More Information
17 Masquerading and Firewalls
17.1 Packet Filtering with iptables
17.2 Masquerading Basics
17.3 Firewalling Basics
17.4 firewalld
17.5 Migrating From SuSEfirewall2
17.6 For More Information
18 Configuring a VPN Server
18.1 Conceptual Overview
18.2 Setting Up a Simple Test Scenario
18.3 Setting Up Your VPN Server Using a Certificate Authority
18.4 Setting Up a VPN Server or Client Using YaST
18.5 For More Information
IV Confining Privileges with AppArmor
19 Introducing AppArmor
19.1 AppArmor Components
19.2 Background Information on AppArmor Profiling
20 Getting Started
20.1 Installing AppArmor
20.2 Enabling and Disabling AppArmor
20.3 Choosing Applications to Profile
20.4 Building and Modifying Profiles
20.5 Updating Your Profiles
21 Immunizing Programs
21.1 Introducing the AppArmor Framework
21.2 Determining Programs to Immunize
21.3 Immunizing cron Jobs
21.4 Immunizing Network Applications
22 Profile Components and Syntax
22.1 Breaking an AppArmor Profile into Its Parts
22.2 Profile Types
22.3 Include Statements
22.4 Capability Entries (POSIX.1e)
22.5 Network Access Control
22.6 Profile Names, Flags, Paths, and Globbing
22.7 File Permission Access Modes
22.8 Mount Rules
22.9 Pivot Root Rules
22.10 PTrace Rules
22.11 Signal Rules
22.12 Execute Modes
22.13 Resource Limit Control
22.14 Auditing Rules
23 AppArmor Profile Repositories
24 Building and Managing Profiles with YaST
24.1 Manually Adding a Profile
24.2 Editing Profiles
24.3 Deleting a Profile
24.4 Managing AppArmor
25 Building Profiles from the Command Line
25.1 Checking the AppArmor Status
25.2 Building AppArmor Profiles
25.3 Adding or Creating an AppArmor Profile
25.4 Editing an AppArmor Profile
25.5 Unloading Unknown AppArmor Profiles
25.6 Deleting an AppArmor Profile
25.7 Two Methods of Profiling
25.8 Important File Names and Directories
26 Profiling Your Web Applications Using ChangeHat
26.1 Configuring Apache for mod_apparmor
26.2 Managing ChangeHat-Aware Applications
27 Confining Users with pam_apparmor
28 Managing Profiled Applications
28.1 Reacting to Security Event Rejections
28.2 Maintaining Your Security Profiles
29 Support
29.1 Updating AppArmor Online
29.2 Using the Man Pages
29.3 For More Information
29.4 Troubleshooting
29.5 Reporting Bugs for AppArmor
30 AppArmor Glossary
V SELinux
31 Configuring SELinux
31.1 Why Use SELinux?
31.2 Policy
31.3 Installing SELinux Packages and Modifying GRUB 2
31.4 SELinux Policy
31.5 Configuring SELinux
31.6 Managing SELinux
31.7 Troubleshooting
VI The Linux Audit Framework
32 Understanding Linux Audit
32.1 Introducing the Components of Linux Audit
32.2 Configuring the Audit Daemon
32.3 Controlling the Audit System Using auditctl
32.4 Passing Parameters to the Audit System
32.5 Understanding the Audit Logs and Generating Reports
32.6 Querying the Audit Daemon Logs with ausearch
32.7 Analyzing Processes with autrace
32.8 Visualizing Audit Data
32.9 Relaying Audit Event Notifications
33 Setting Up the Linux Audit Framework
33.1 Determining the Components to Audit
33.2 Configuring the Audit Daemon
33.3 Enabling Audit for System Calls
33.4 Setting Up Audit Rules
33.5 Configuring Audit Reports
33.6 Configuring Log Visualization
34 Introducing an Audit Rule Set
34.1 Adding Basic Audit Configuration Parameters
34.2 Adding Watches on Audit Log Files and Configuration Files
34.3 Monitoring File System Objects
34.4 Monitoring Security Configuration Files and Databases
34.5 Monitoring Miscellaneous System Calls
34.6 Filtering System Call Arguments
34.7 Managing Audit Event Records Using Keys
35 Useful Resources
A GNU Licenses
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
List of Examples
2.1 PAM Configuration for sshd (/etc/pam.d/sshd)
2.2 Default Configuration for the auth Section (common-auth)
2.3 Default Configuration for the account Section (common-account)
2.4 Default Configuration for the password Section (common-password)
2.5 Default Configuration for the session Section (common-session)
2.6 pam_env.conf
5.1 Excerpt from CN=schema
5.2 Basic Instance Configuration File
5.3 A .dsrc File for Remote Administration
5.4 A .dsrc File for Local Administration
6.1 Example KDC Configuration, /etc/krb5.conf
17.1 Callback Port Configuration for the nfs Kernel Module in /etc/modprobe.d/60-nfs.conf
17.2 Commands to Define a new firewalld RPC Service for NFS
18.1 VPN Server Configuration File
18.2 VPN Client Configuration File
20.1 Output of aa-unconfined
25.1 Learning Mode Exception: Controlling Access to Specific Resources
25.2 Learning Mode Exception: Defining Permissions for an Entry
31.1 Security Context Settings Using ls -Z
31.2 Verifying that SELinux is functional
31.3 Getting a List of Booleans and Verifying Policy Access
31.4 Getting File Context Information
31.5 The default context for directories in the root directory
31.6 Showing SELinux settings for processes with ps Zaux
31.7 Viewing Default File Contexts
31.8 Example Lines from /etc/audit/audit.log
31.9 Analyzing Audit Messages
31.10 Viewing Which Lines Deny Access
31.11 Creating a Policy Module Allowing an Action Previously Denied
32.1 Example output of auditctl -s
32.2 Example Audit Rules—Audit System Parameters
32.3 Example Audit Rules—File System Auditing
32.4 Example Audit Rules—System Call Auditing
32.5 Deleting Audit Rules and Events
32.6 Listing Rules with auditctl -l
32.7 A Simple Audit Event—Viewing the Audit Log
32.8 An Advanced Audit Event—Login via SSH
32.9 Example /etc/audisp/audispd.conf
32.10 Example /etc/audisp/plugins.d/syslog.conf

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